{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,26]],"date-time":"2026-08-26T01:33:57Z","timestamp":1787708037355,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,1]],"date-time":"2003-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1062374400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,1]],"date-time":"2003-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1062374400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Formal Methods in System Design"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"DOI":"10.1023\/a:1024764232069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,15]],"date-time":"2003-09-15T17:50:13Z","timestamp":1063648213000},"page":"143-170","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Behavioral Subtyping Relations for Active Objects"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Heike","family":"Wehrheim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"5127906_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. America, \u201cDesigning an object-oriented programming language with behavioural subtyping,\u201d in J. de Bakker, W. de Roever, and G. Rozenberg (Eds.), REX Workshop: Foundations of Object-Oriented Languages, Springer, 1991.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0019440"},{"key":"5127906_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Balzarotti, F.D. Cindio, and L. Pomello, \u201cObservation equivalences for the semantics of inheritance,\u201d in P. Ciancarini and R. Gorrieri (Eds.), FMOODS '99, Formal Methods for Open Object-Based Distributed Systems, 1999.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-35562-7_6"},{"key":"5127906_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0169-7552(87)90085-7","volume":"14","author":"T. Bolognesi","year":"1987","unstructured":"T. Bolognesi and E. Brinksma, \u201cIntroduction to the ISO specification language LOTOS,\u201d Computer Networks and ISDN Systems, Vol. 14, pp. 25\u201359, 1987.","journal-title":"Computer Networks and ISDN Systems"},{"key":"5127906_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Bowman, C. Briscoe-Smith, J. Derrick, and B. Strulo, \u201cOn behavioural subtyping in LOTOS,\u201d in H. Bowman and J. Derrick (Eds.), Formal Methods for Open Object-Based Distributed Systems, Chapman & Hall, 1997, pp. 335\u2013351.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-35261-9_23"},{"key":"5127906_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Bowman and J. Derrick, \u201cA junction between state based and behavioural specification,\u201d in P. Ciancarini, F. Fantechi, and R. Gorrieri (Eds.), Formal Methods for Open Object-Based Distributed Systems FMOODS '99, Kluwer, pp. 213\u2013239, 1999.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-35562-7_18"},{"key":"5127906_CR6","unstructured":"E. Brinksma, G. Scollo, and C. Steenbergen, \u201cLOTOS specifications, their implementations and their tests,\u201d in B. Sarikaya and G. v.Bochmann (Eds.), Protocol Specification, Testing and Verification VI, Elsevier, pp. 349\u2013358, 1987."},{"issue":"3","key":"5127906_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1145\/828.833","volume":"31","author":"S.D. Brookes","year":"1984","unstructured":"S.D. Brookes, C.A.R. Hoare, and A.W. Roscoe, \u201cA theory of communicating sequential processes,\u201d Journal of the ACM, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 560\u2013599, 1984.","journal-title":"Journal of the ACM"},{"key":"5127906_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01898400","volume":"3","author":"E. Cusack","year":"1991","unstructured":"E. Cusack, \u201cRefinement, conformance and inheritance,\u201d Formal Aspects of Computing, Vol. 3, pp. 129\u2013141, 1991.","journal-title":"Formal Aspects of Computing"},{"key":"5127906_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3975(84)90113-0","volume":"34","author":"R. De Nicola","year":"1984","unstructured":"R. De Nicola and M. Hennessy, \u201cTesting equivalences for processes,\u201d Theoretical Computer Science, Vol. 34, pp. 83\u2013133, 1984.","journal-title":"Theoretical Computer Science"},{"key":"5127906_CR10","first-page":"258","volume-title":"Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Software Engineering","author":"K.K. Dhara","year":"1996","unstructured":"K.K. Dhara and G.T. Leavens, \u201cForcing behavioral subtyping through specification inheritance,\u201d in Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Software Engineering, IEEE Computer Society Press, Berlin, Germany, pp. 258\u2013267, 1996."},{"key":"5127906_CR11","unstructured":"K.K. Dhara and G. Leavens, \u201cMutation, aliasing, viewpoints, modular reasoning, and weak behavioural subtyping,\u201d Technical Report TR01-02, Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, 2001."},{"key":"5127906_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Ehrig and B. Mahr, Fundamentals of Algebraic Specification 1, Vol. 6, Springer, 1985.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-69962-7"},{"key":"5127906_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Fischer, \u201cHow to combine Z with a process algebra,\u201d in J. Bowen, A. Fett, and M. Hinchey (Eds.), ZUM'98 The Z Formal Specification Notation, Vol. 1493 of LNCS, Springer, pp. 5\u201323, 1998.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-49676-2_2"},{"key":"5127906_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C. Fischer and H. Wehrheim, \u201cBehavioural subtyping relations for object-oriented formalisms,\u201d in T. Rus (Ed.), AMAST 2000: International Conference on Algebraic Methodology and Software Technology, Springer, pp. 469\u2013483, 2000.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45499-3_33"},{"key":"5127906_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"C.A.R. Hoare, Communicating Sequential Processes, Prentice-Hall, 1985.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-82921-5_4"},{"key":"5127906_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01178658","volume":"32","author":"G. Leavens","year":"1995","unstructured":"G. Leavens and W. Weihl, \u201cSpecification and verification of object-oriented programs using supertype abstraction,\u201d Acta Informatica, Vol. 32, pp. 705\u2013778, 1995.","journal-title":"Acta Informatica"},{"issue":"8","key":"5127906_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s002360050168","volume":"36","author":"G.T. Leavens","year":"2000","unstructured":"G.T. Leavens, and D. Pigozzi, \u201cA complete algebraic characterization of behavioral subtyping,\u201d Acta Informatica, Vol. 36, No. 8, pp. 617\u2013663, 2000.","journal-title":"Acta Informatica"},{"issue":"5","key":"5127906_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1145\/62139.62141","volume":"23","author":"B. Liskov","year":"1988","unstructured":"B. Liskov, \u201cData abstraction and hierarchy,\u201d SIGPLAN Notices, Vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 17\u201334, 1988.","journal-title":"SIGPLAN Notices"},{"issue":"6","key":"5127906_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1811","DOI":"10.1145\/197320.197383","volume":"16","author":"B. Liskov","year":"1994","unstructured":"B. Liskov and J. Wing, \u201cA behavioural notion of subtyping,\u201d ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems, Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 1811\u20131841, 1994.","journal-title":"ACM Transactions on Programming Languages and Systems"},{"key":"5127906_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01210998","volume":"7","author":"I. Maung","year":"1995","unstructured":"I. Maung, \u201cOn simulation, subtyping and substitutability in sequential object systems,\u201d Formal Aspects of Computing, Vol. 7, pp. 620\u2013651, 1995.","journal-title":"Formal Aspects of Computing"},{"key":"5127906_CR21","unstructured":"B. Meyer, Object-Oriented Software Construction, 2nd ed., ISE, 1997."},{"key":"5127906_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Mihajlova and E. Sekerinski, \u201cClass refinement and interface refinement in object-oriented programs,\u201d in J. Fitzgerald, C. Jones, and P. Lucas (Eds.), Formal Methods Europe, FME '97, Springer, 1997.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-63533-5_5"},{"issue":"1","key":"5127906_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0890-5401(92)90008-4","volume":"100","author":"R. Milner","year":"1992","unstructured":"R. Milner, J. Parrow, and D. Walker, \u201cA calculus of mobile processes: Part 1,\u201d Information and Computation, Vol. 100, No. 1, pp. 1\u201340, 1992.","journal-title":"Information and Computation"},{"key":"5127906_CR24","unstructured":"O. Nierstrasz, \u201cRegular types for active objects,\u201d in O. Nierstrasz and D. Tsichritzis (Eds.), Object-Oriented Software Composition, Prentice Hall, pp. 99\u2013121, 1995."},{"key":"5127906_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"A. Rensink and R. Gorrieri, \u201cAction refinement as an implementation relation,\u201d in M. Bidoit and M. Dauchet (Eds.), TAPSOFT '97: Theory and Practice of Software Development, Vol. 1214 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 772\u2013786, 1997.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0030640"},{"key":"5127906_CR26","unstructured":"A.W. Roscoe, The Theory and Practice of Concurrency, Prentice-Hall, 1997."},{"key":"5127906_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Rudkin, \u201cInheritance in LOTOS,\u201d in K. Parker and G. Rose (Eds.), FORTE '92, Elsevier, pp. 409\u2013424, 1992.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-89402-1.50037-0"},{"key":"5127906_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"W. van der Aalst and T. Basten, \u201cLife-cycle inheritance\u2014A Petri-net-based approach,\u201d in P. Azema and G. Balbo (Eds.), Application and Theory of Petri Nets, Springer, pp. 62\u201381, 1997.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-63139-9_30"},{"issue":"7","key":"5127906_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1145\/306549.306582","volume":"42","author":"J. Waldo","year":"1999","unstructured":"J. Waldo, \u201cThe Jini architecture for network-centric computing,\u201d Communications of the ACM, Vol. 42, No. 7, pp. 76\u201382, 1999.","journal-title":"Communications of the ACM"},{"key":"5127906_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"P. Wegner and B. Zdonik, \u201cInheritance as an incremental modification mechanism or what like is and isn't like,\u201d in ECOOP'88: European Conference on Object-Oriented Programming, Vol. 322 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Springer, 1988.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-45910-3_4"},{"key":"5127906_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Wehrheim, \u201cBehavioural subtyping and property preservation,\u201d in S. Smith and C. Talcott (Eds.), FMOODS'00: Formal Methods for Open Object-Based Distributed Systems, Kluwer, 2000.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-35520-7_11"},{"key":"5127906_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Wehrheim, \u201cPatterns and rules for behavioural subtyping,\u201d in M. Kim, B. Chin, S. Kang, and D. Lee (Eds.), FORTE 2001, Kluwer, pp. 335\u2013352, 2001.","DOI":"10.1007\/0-306-47003-9_21"},{"key":"5127906_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. Wehrheim, \u201cChecking behavioural subtypes via refinement,\u201d in A. Rensink and B. Jacobs (Eds.), FMOODS 2002: Formal Methods for Open Object-Based Distributed Systems, Kluwer, pp. 79\u201393, 2002.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-0-387-35496-5_7"}],"container-title":["Formal Methods in System Design"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1024764232069.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1024764232069\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1024764232069.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T19:05:30Z","timestamp":1754420730000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1023\/A:1024764232069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]}},"alternative-id":["5127906"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1024764232069","relation":{},"ISSN":["0925-9856","1572-8102"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0925-9856","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-8102","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,9]]}}}