{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T05:50:12Z","timestamp":1774677012330,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,1]],"date-time":"2003-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1064966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,1]],"date-time":"2003-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1064966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Scientometrics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]},"DOI":"10.1023\/a:1026276308287","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,11,3]],"date-time":"2003-11-03T17:53:28Z","timestamp":1067882008000},"page":"191-203","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":132,"title":["The Triple Helix of university-industry-government relations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"58","author":[{"given":"Loet","family":"Leydesdorff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"5148410_CR1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Evolutionary Economics and Chaos Theory: New Directions in Technology Studies","author":"P. M. Allen","year":"1994","unstructured":"ALLeN, P. M. (1994), Evolutionary complex systems: models of technology change. In: L. LeYDeSDORFF, P. V. D. BESSELAAR (Eds) (1994), Evolutionary Economics and Chaos Theory: New Directions in Technology Studies. London and New York: Pinter, pp. 1-18."},{"key":"5148410_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.2307\/2295952","volume":"29","author":"K. J. Arrow","year":"1962","unstructured":"ARROW, K. J. (1962), The economic implications of learning by doing. Review of Economic Studies, 29:155-173.","journal-title":"Review of Economic Studies"},{"key":"5148410_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3998\/mpub.10029","volume-title":"Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy","author":"W. B. Arthur","year":"1994","unstructured":"ARTHUR, W. B. (1994), Increasing Returns and Path Dependence in the Economy. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press."},{"key":"5148410_CR4","volume-title":"The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge","author":"P. L. Berger","year":"1966","unstructured":"BERGER, P. L., T. LUCKMANN (1966), The Social Construction of Reality: A Treatise in the Sociology of Knowledge. Garden City: Doubleday."},{"key":"5148410_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.2307\/3094825","volume":"46","author":"S. Brusoni","year":"2000","unstructured":"BRUSONI, S., A. PRENCIPE, K. PAVITT (2000), Knowledge specialization and the boundaries of the firm: Why do firms know more than they make? Administrative Science Quarterly, 46: 597-621.","journal-title":"Administrative Science Quarterly"},{"key":"5148410_CR6","volume-title":"Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology","year":"1986","unstructured":"CALLON, M., J. LAW, A. RIP (Eds) (1986), Mapping the Dynamics of Science and Technology. London: Macmillan."},{"issue":"2","key":"5148410_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01224915","volume":"1","author":"B. Carlsson","year":"1991","unstructured":"CARLSSON, B., R. STANKIEWICZ (1991), On the nature, function, and composition of technological systems. Journal of Evolutionary Economics, 1(2): 93-118.","journal-title":"Journal of Evolutionary Economics"},{"key":"5148410_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1093\/icc\/6.3.595","volume":"6","author":"R. Cowan","year":"1997","unstructured":"COWAN, R., D. FORAY (1997), The economics of codification and the diffusion of knowledge, Industrial and Corporate Change, 6: 595-622.","journal-title":"Industrial and Corporate Change"},{"issue":"171","key":"5148410_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/1468-2451.00355","volume":"54","author":"P. A. David","year":"2002","unstructured":"DAVID, P. A., D. FORAY (2002), An introduction to the economy of the knowledge society. International Social Science Journal, 54(171): 9-23.","journal-title":"International Social Science Journal"},{"key":"5148410_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(82)90016-6","volume":"11","author":"G. Dosi","year":"1982","unstructured":"DOSI, G. (1982), Technological paradigms and technological trajectories: A suggested interpretation of the determinants and directions of technical change. Research Policy, 11: 147-162.","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"5148410_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1177\/007327537901700202","volume":"17","author":"D. Edge","year":"1979","unstructured":"EDGE, D. (1979), Quantitative measures of communication in science: A critical overview. History of Science, 17: 102-134.","journal-title":"History of Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"5148410_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(99)00055-4","volume":"29","author":"H. Etzkowitz","year":"2000","unstructured":"ETZKOWITZ, H., L. LeYDeSDORFF (2000), The dynamics of innovation: from national systems and 'Mode 2' to a Triple Helix of university-industry-government relations, Research Policy, 29(2): 109-123.","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"5148410_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(99)00069-4","volume":"29","author":"H. Etzkowitz","year":"2000","unstructured":"ETZKOWITZ, H., A. WEBSTER, C. GEBHARDT, B. R. C. TERRA (2000), The future of the university and the university of the future: Evolution of ivory tower to entrepreneurial paradigm. Research Policy, 29(2): 313-330.","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"5148410_CR14","first-page":"31","volume-title":"Technical Change and Economic Theory","author":"C. Freeman","year":"1988","unstructured":"FREEMAN, C. (1988), Japan, a new system of innovation. In: G. DOSI, C. FREEMAN, R. R. NELSON, G. SILVERBERG, L. SOETE (Eds), Technical Change and Economic Theory, London: Pinter, pp. 31-54."},{"key":"5148410_CR15","first-page":"38","volume-title":"Technical Change and Economic Theory","author":"C. Freeman","year":"1988","unstructured":"FREEMAN, C., C. PEREZ (1988), Structural crises of adjustment, business cycles and investment behaviour. In: G. DOSI, C. FREEMAN, R. R. NELSON, G. SILVERBERG, L. SOETE (Eds), Technical Change and Economic Theory, London: Pinter pp. 38-66."},{"issue":"3","key":"5148410_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-7333(99)00037-2","volume":"29","author":"K. Frenken","year":"2000","unstructured":"FRENKEN, K., L. LeYDeSDORFF (2000), Scaling trajectories in civil aircraft (1913-1970). Research Policy, 29(3): 331-348.","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"5148410_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/053901898037001001","volume":"37","author":"Y. Fujigaki","year":"1998","unstructured":"FUJIGAKI, Y. (1998), Filling the gap between discussions on science and scientists. everyday activities: Applying the autopoiesis system theory to scientific knowledge. Social Science Information, 37(1): 5-22.","journal-title":"Social Science Information"},{"key":"5148410_CR18","volume-title":"The New Industrial State","author":"J. K. Galbraith","year":"1967","unstructured":"GALBRAITH, J. K. (1967), The New Industrial State. Penguin: Harmondsworth."},{"key":"5148410_CR19","volume-title":"The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies","author":"M. Gibbons","year":"1994","unstructured":"GIBBONS, M., C. LIMOGES, H. NOWOTNY, S. SCHWARTZMAN, P. SCOTT, M. TROW (1994), The New Production of Knowledge: The Dynamics of Science and Research in Contemporary Societies. London: Sage."},{"key":"5148410_CR20","volume-title":"Opening Pandora's Box. A Sociological Analysis of Scientists' Discourse","author":"G. N. Gilbert","year":"1984","unstructured":"GILBERT, G. N., M. J. MULKAY (1984), Opening Pandora's Box. A Sociological Analysis of Scientists' Discourse. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"5148410_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.2307\/41165908","volume":"39","author":"O. Granstrand","year":"1997","unstructured":"GRANSTRAND, O., P. PATTEL, K. PAVITT (1997), Multitechnology corporations: Why they have 'distributed' rather than 'distinctive' core capabilities. California Management Review, 39: 8-25.","journal-title":"California Management Review"},{"key":"5148410_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/5263.001.0001","volume-title":"Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy","author":"A. B. Jaffe","year":"2002","unstructured":"JAFFE, A. B., M. TRAJTENBERG (2002), Patents, Citations, and Innovations: A Window on the Knowledge Economy. Cambridge, MA\/London: MIT Press."},{"key":"5148410_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195079517.001.0001","volume-title":"The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution","author":"S. A. Kauffman","year":"1993","unstructured":"KAUFFMAN, S. A. (1993), The Origins of Order: Self-Organization and Selection in Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"5148410_CR24","first-page":"275","volume-title":"The Positive Sum Strategy: Harnessing Technology for Economic Growth","author":"S. Kline","year":"1986","unstructured":"KLINE, S., N. ROSENBERG (1986), An overview of innovation. In: R. LANDAU, N. ROSENBERG (Eds), The Positive Sum Strategy: Harnessing Technology for Economic Growth, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, pp. 275-306."},{"key":"5148410_CR25","volume-title":"The Self-Organizing Economy","author":"P. Krugman","year":"1996","unstructured":"KRUGMAN, P. (1996), The Self-Organizing Economy. Malden, MA, and Oxford: Blackwell."},{"key":"5148410_CR26","unstructured":"LATOUR, B. (1987), Science in Action. Milton Keynes: Open University Press."},{"key":"5148410_CR27","first-page":"180","volume-title":"Evolutionary Economics and Chaos Theory: New Directions for Technology Studies","author":"L. Leydesdorff","year":"1994","unstructured":"LeYDeSDORFF, L. (1994), Epilogue. In: L. LeYDeSDORFF, P. V. D. BESSELAAR (Eds), Evolutionary Economics and Chaos Theory: New Directions for Technology Studies, London\/New York: Pinter, pp. 180-192."},{"key":"5148410_CR28","volume-title":"The Challenge of Scientometrics: The Development, Measurement, and Self-Organization of Scientific Communications","author":"L. Leydesdorff","year":"1995","unstructured":"LeYDeSDORFF, L. (1995), The Challenge of Scientometrics: The Development, Measurement, and Self-Organization of Scientific Communications. Leiden: DSWO Press, Leiden University."},{"key":"5148410_CR29","volume-title":"A Sociological Theory of Communication: The Self-Organization of the Knowledge-Based Society","author":"L. Leydesdorff","year":"2001","unstructured":"LeYDeSDORFF, L. (2001a), A Sociological Theory of Communication: The Self-Organization of the Knowledge-Based Society. Parkland, FL: Universal Publishers; at http:\/\/www.upublish.com\/books\/leydesdorff.htm"},{"key":"5148410_CR30","unstructured":"LeYDeSDORFF, L. (2001b), Indicators of innovation in a knowledge-based economy. Cybermetrics, 5 (Issue 1), Paper 2, at http:\/\/www.cindoc.csic.es\/cybermetrics\/articles\/v5i1p2.html"},{"key":"5148410_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LeYDeSDORFF, L., P. COOKE, M. OLAZARAN (Eds) (2002), Regional innovation systems in Europe (Special Issue). Journal of Technology Transfer, 27(1): 5.145.","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1013119802068"},{"key":"5148410_CR32","volume-title":"Measuring the Knowledge Base: A Program of Innovation Studies. Report to \"F\u00f6rderinitiative Science Policy Studies\" of the German Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung","author":"L. Leydesdorff","year":"2003","unstructured":"LeYDeSDORFF, L., A. SCHARNHORST (2003), Measuring the Knowledge Base: A Program of Innovation Studies. Report to \"F\u00f6rderinitiative Science Policy Studies\" of the German Bundesministerium f\u00fcr Bildung und Forschung. Berlin: Berlin-Brandenburgische Akademie der Wissenschaften; at http:\/\/sciencepolicystudies.de\/Leydesdorff&Scharnhorst.pdf"},{"key":"5148410_CR33","volume-title":"Soziale Systeme. Grundri\u00df einer allgemeinen Theorie","author":"N. Luhmann","year":"1984","unstructured":"LUHMANN, N. (1984), Soziale Systeme. Grundri\u00df einer allgemeinen Theorie. Frankfurt a. M.: Suhrkamp."},{"key":"5148410_CR34","first-page":"349","volume-title":"Technical Change and Economic Theory","author":"B.-\u00c5. Lundvall","year":"1988","unstructured":"LUNDVALL, B.-\u00c5. (1988), Innovation as an interactive process: From user-producer interaction to the national system of innovation. In: G. DOSI, C. FREEMAN, R. R. NELSON, G. SILVERBERG, L. SOETE (Eds), Technical Change and Economic Theory, London: Pinter, pp. 349-369."},{"key":"5148410_CR35","volume-title":"National Systems of Innovation","year":"1992","unstructured":"LUNDVALL, B.-\u00c5. (Ed.) (1992), National Systems of Innovation. London: Pinter."},{"key":"5148410_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005613325648","volume":"49","author":"M. Meyer","year":"2000","unstructured":"MEYER, M. (2000), What is special about patent citations? Differences between scientific and patent citations. Scientometrics, 49: 93-123.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"5148410_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(79)90019-2","volume":"8","author":"D. C. Mowery","year":"1979","unstructured":"MOWERY, D. C., N. ROSENBERG (1979), The influence of market demand upon innovation: A critical reveiw of some empirical studies. Research Policy, 8: 102-153.","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"5148410_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511664441","volume-title":"Technology and the Pursuit of Economic Growth","author":"D. C. Mowery","year":"1989","unstructured":"MOWERY, D. C., N. ROSENBERG (1989), Technology and the Pursuit of Economic Growth. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"5148410_CR39","first-page":"171","volume-title":"Science Observed: Perspectives on the Social Study of Science","author":"M. Mulkay","year":"1983","unstructured":"MULKAY, M., J. POTTER, S. YEARLeY (1983), Why an analysis of scientific discourse is needed. In: K. D. KNORR, M. J. MULKAY (Eds), Science Observed: Perspectives on the Social Study of Science, London: Sage, pp. 171-204."},{"key":"5148410_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02017155","volume":"7","author":"F. Narin","year":"1985","unstructured":"NARIN, F., E. NOMA (1985), Is technology becoming science? Scientometrics, 7: 369-381.","journal-title":"Scientometrics"},{"key":"5148410_CR41","volume-title":"National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis","year":"1993","unstructured":"NELSON, R. R. (Ed) (1993), National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis. New York: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"5148410_CR42","first-page":"338","volume":"65","author":"R. R. Nelson","year":"1975","unstructured":"NELSON, R. R., S. G. WINTER (1975), Growth theory from an evolutionary perspective: The differential productivity growth puzzle. American Economic Review, 65: 338-344.","journal-title":"American Economic Review"},{"key":"5148410_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(77)90029-4","volume":"6","author":"R. R. Nelson","year":"1977","unstructured":"NELSON, R. R., S. G. WINTER (1977), In search of useful theory of innovation. Research Policy, 6: 35-76.","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"5148410_CR44","volume-title":"America by Design","author":"D. Noble","year":"1977","unstructured":"NOBLe, D. (1977), America by Design. New York: Knopf."},{"key":"5148410_CR45","unstructured":"NOWOTNY, H., P. SCOTT, M. GIBBONS (2001), Re-Thinking Science: Knowledge and the Public in an Age of Uncertainty. Cambridge, etc: Polity."},{"key":"5148410_CR46","volume-title":"Technical Change and Economic Policy","author":"OECD","year":"1980","unstructured":"OECD (1980), Technical Change and Economic Policy. Paris: OECD."},{"key":"5148410_CR47","volume-title":"Proposed Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, \"Oslo Manual\"","author":"OECD\/Eurostat","year":"1997","unstructured":"OECD\/Eurostat (1997), Proposed Guidelines for Collecting and Interpreting Innovation Data, \"Oslo Manual\". Paris: OECD."},{"key":"5148410_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/0048-7333(84)90018-0","volume":"13","author":"K. Pavitt","year":"1984","unstructured":"PAVITT, K. (1984), Sectoral patterns of technical change: Towards a theory and a taxonomy. Research Policy, 13: 343-373.","journal-title":"Research Policy"},{"key":"5148410_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511561313","volume-title":"Perspectives on Technology","author":"N. Rosenberg","year":"1976","unstructured":"ROSENBERG, N. (1976), Perspectives on Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"5148410_CR50","volume-title":"Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics","author":"N. Rosenberg","year":"1982","unstructured":"ROSENBERG, N. (1982), Inside the Black Box: Technology and Economics. Cambridge, etc.: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"5148410_CR51","volume-title":"Socialism, Capitalism and Democracy","author":"J. Schumpeter","year":"1943","unstructured":"SCHUMPETER, J. (1943), Socialism, Capitalism and Democracy. London: Allen & Unwin."},{"key":"5148410_CR52","volume-title":"Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical and Statistical Analysis of Capitalist Process","author":"J. Schumpeter","year":"1939","unstructured":"SCHUMPETER, J. ([1939], 1964), Business Cycles: A Theoretical, Historical and Statistical Analysis of Capitalist Process. New York: McGraw-Hill."},{"key":"5148410_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1086\/288559","volume":"40","author":"H. A. Simon","year":"1973","unstructured":"SIMON, H. A. (1973), Does scientific discovery have a logic? Philosophy of Science, 40: 471-480.","journal-title":"Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"5148410_CR54","volume-title":"The Intellectual and Social Organization of the Sciences","author":"R. D. Whitley","year":"1984","unstructured":"WHITLeY, R. D. (1984), The Intellectual and Social Organization of the Sciences. Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"5148410_CR55","volume-title":"The Citation Culture","author":"P. Wouters","year":"1999","unstructured":"WOUTERS, P. (1999), The Citation Culture. Amsterdam: Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, University of Amsterdam."}],"container-title":["Scientometrics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1026276308287.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1026276308287\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1026276308287.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T08:20:53Z","timestamp":1754554853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1023\/A:1026276308287"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]}},"alternative-id":["5148410"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1026276308287","relation":{},"ISSN":["0138-9130","1588-2861"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0138-9130","type":"print"},{"value":"1588-2861","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]}}}