{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T01:30:39Z","timestamp":1773192639754,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2000,1,1]],"date-time":"2000-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":946684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Theor Med Bioeth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"DOI":"10.1023\/a:1009901115043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,23]],"date-time":"2002-12-23T00:25:11Z","timestamp":1040603111000},"page":"85-100","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Medical Informatics and the Concept of Disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Kenneth F.","family":"Schaffner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"262938_CR1","volume-title":"Clinical Information Systems","author":"BI Blum","year":"1986","unstructured":"Blum BI (1986a). Clinical Information Systems. New York: Springer-Verlag."},{"issue":"1","key":"262938_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.3109\/14639238608994969","volume":"11","author":"BI Blum","year":"1986","unstructured":"Blum BI (1986b). Artificial Intelligence and Medical Informatics. Medical Informatics 11(1): 3\u201318.","journal-title":"Medical Informatics"},{"key":"262938_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1086\/288768","volume":"44","author":"C Boorse","year":"1977","unstructured":"Boorse C (1977). Health as a Theoretical Concept. Philosophy of Science 44: 542\u2013573.","journal-title":"Philosophy of Science"},{"key":"262938_CR4","first-page":"3","volume-title":"What is Disease?","author":"C Boorse","year":"1997","unstructured":"Boorse C (1997). \u201cA Rebuttal on Health,\u201d in Humber J and Almeder R. (eds.) What is Disease? Totowa NJ: Humana Press, pp. 3\u2013134."},{"key":"262938_CR5","volume-title":"Concepts of Health and Disease. Interdisciplinary Perspectives","year":"1981","unstructured":"Caplan AL, Engelhardt HT, McCartney JJ (eds.) (1981). Concepts of Health and Disease. Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley."},{"key":"262938_CR6","volume-title":"Cecil Textbook of Medicine","year":"1982","unstructured":"Cecil Textbook of Medicine (1982). Wyngaarden J, Smith L (eds.). Philadelphia: WB Saunders."},{"key":"262938_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Engelhardt HT (1976). The Concepts of Health and Disease in Evaluation and Explanation in the Biomedical Sciences, Engelhardt HT, Spicker S (eds.): 125\u2013141.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-010-1769-5_9"},{"key":"262938_CR8","unstructured":"Englehardt HT (1981). The Concepts of Health and Disease, in Caplan et al. (eds.): 31\u201345."},{"key":"262938_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-6283-5_5","volume-title":"Health, Disease and Causal Explanation in Medicine","author":"HT Engelhardt","year":"1984","unstructured":"Engelhardt HT (1984). Clinical Problems and the Concept of Disease. In: Nordenfelt L, Lindahl BIB (eds.). Health, Disease and Causal Explanation in Medicine. Dordrecht\/Boston\/Lancaster: Reidel Publishing Company: 27\u201341."},{"key":"262938_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195057362.001.0001","volume-title":"The Foundation of Bioethics","author":"HT Engelhardt","year":"1996","unstructured":"Engelhardt HT (1996). The Foundation of Bioethics (2nd edn.). New York: Oxford University Press.","edition":"2nd edn."},{"key":"262938_CR11","volume-title":"Moral Theory and Medical Practice","author":"KWM Fulford","year":"1989","unstructured":"Fulford KWM (1989). Moral Theory and Medical Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press."},{"key":"262938_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/0933-3657(90)90014-I","volume":"2","author":"DA Giuse","year":"1990","unstructured":"Giuse DA, Giuse NB, Miller RA (1990). Towards Computer Assisted Maintenance of Medical Knowledge Bases. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 2: 21\u201333.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine"},{"key":"262938_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-4809(91)90048-2","volume":"24","author":"DA Giuse","year":"1991","unstructured":"Giuse DA, Giuse NB, Bankowitz RA, Miller RA (1991). Heuristic Determination of Quantitative Data for Medical Knowledge Acquisition. Computers and Biomedical Research 24: 261\u2013272.","journal-title":"Computers and Biomedical Research"},{"key":"262938_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giuse DA, Giuse NB, Miller RA (1991). Knowledge Acquisition in Medicine: Enforcing Consistency. Tenth International Congress on Medical Informatics (MIE 91), Vienna, Austria, August 19\u201322.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-93503-9_60"},{"key":"262938_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/0933-3657(93)90027-Z","volume":"5","author":"DA Giuse","year":"1993","unstructured":"Giuse DA, Giuse NB, Miller RA (1993). Consistency Enforcement in Medical Knowledge Base Construction. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 5: 245\u2013252.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine"},{"key":"262938_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0038-1634907","volume":"32","author":"NB Tiuse","year":"1993","unstructured":"Tiuse NB, Giuse DA, Miller RA, Bankowitz RA, Janosky JE, Davidoff F, Hillner BE, Hripcsak G, Lincoln MJ, Middleton B, Peden JG (1993). Evaluating Consensus Among Physicians in Medical Knowledge Base Construction. Meth Inform Med. 32: 137\u2013145.","journal-title":"Meth Inform Med."},{"issue":"8","key":"262938_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1990.03440080092030","volume":"263","author":"RA Greenes","year":"1990","unstructured":"Greenes RA, Shortliffe EH (1990). Medical informatics. An Emerging Academic Discipline and Institutional Priority. JAMA. Feb 23; 263(8): 1114\u20131120.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"262938_CR18","volume-title":"Principles of Internal Medicine","author":"Harrison'","year":"1980","unstructured":"Harrison' Principles of Internal Medicine (1980). Isselbacher K et al. (eds.). Ninth edit. New York: McGraw-Hill.","edition":"Ninth edit."},{"key":"262938_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1093\/jmp\/15.6.581","volume":"15","author":"RA Miller","year":"1990","unstructured":"Miller RA (1990). \u201cWhy the Standard View is Standard: People, not Machines, Understand Patients' Problems\u201d, Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 15: 581\u2013591.","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine and Philosophy"},{"key":"262938_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1136\/jamia.1994.95236141","volume":"1","author":"RA Miller","year":"1994","unstructured":"Miller RA (1994). Medical Diagnostic Decision Support Systems-Past, Present, and Future. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 1: 8\u201327.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association"},{"key":"262938_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198208193070803","volume":"307","author":"RA Miller","year":"1982","unstructured":"Miller RA, Pople JE Jr., Myers JD (1982). \u201cINTERNIST-1: An Experimental Computer-Based Diagnostic Consultant for General lInternal Medicine\u201d, New England Journal of Medicine 307: 468\u2013476.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"262938_CR22","volume-title":"The Nature of Disease","author":"L Reznek","year":"1987","unstructured":"Reznek L (1987). The Nature of Disease. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul."},{"key":"262938_CR23","unstructured":"Rothwell DJ, Cote RA, Cordeau JP, Boisvert MA (1993). Developing a standard data structure for medical language-the SNOMED proposal. Proc Annu Symp Comput Appl Med Care: 695\u2013696."},{"key":"262938_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1525\/9780520317130","volume-title":"Logic of Discovery and Diagnosis in Medicine","author":"KF Schaffner","year":"1985","unstructured":"Schaffner KF (1985). \u201cIntroduction\u201d in Logic of Discovery and Diagnosis in Medicine, Schaffner K (ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press."},{"key":"262938_CR25","volume-title":"Discovery and Explanation in Biology and Medicine","author":"KF Schaffner","year":"1993","unstructured":"Schaffner KF (1993). Discovery and Explanation in Biology and Medicine. Chicago: University of Chicago Press."},{"issue":"4","key":"262938_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1076\/jmep.24.4.365.5978","volume":"24","author":"KF Schaffner","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schaffner KF (1999). Coming Home to Hume: A Sociobiological Foundation for a Concept of \u2018Health\u2019 and Morality. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 24(4): 365\u2013375.","journal-title":"Journal of Medicine and Philosophy"},{"key":"262938_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.2307\/3527464","volume":"1","author":"P Sedgwick","year":"1973","unstructured":"Sedgwick P (1973). Illness-Mental and Otherwise. Hastings Center Studies 1: 19\u201340.","journal-title":"Hastings Center Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"262938_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/0933-3657(93)90011-Q","volume":"5","author":"EH Shortliffe","year":"1993","unstructured":"Shortliffe EH (1993). The Adolescence of AI in Medicine: Will the Field Come of Age in the '90s? Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 5(2): 93\u2013106.","journal-title":"Artificial Intelligence in Medicine"},{"key":"262938_CR29","unstructured":"Spackman KA, Broverman C, Masarie F, Chute C, Lau LM (1999). Panel: Report of Experiences Using the Beta Version of SNOMED-RT, American Medical Informatics Association, available at http:\/\/www.amia.org\/pubs\/symposia\/D005418.PDF"},{"key":"262938_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-1397-4","volume-title":"Faces of Medicine","author":"WJ Steen van der","year":"1988","unstructured":"Steen van der WJ, Thung PJ (1988). Faces of Medicine. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers."}],"container-title":["Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1009901115043.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1009901115043\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1009901115043.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T04:21:43Z","timestamp":1747801303000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1023\/A:1009901115043"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]}},"alternative-id":["262938"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1009901115043","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-7415","1573-1200"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1386-7415","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-1200","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2000,1]]}}}