{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T04:06:49Z","timestamp":1747886809959,"version":"3.41.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,1]],"date-time":"1999-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":944006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,1]],"date-time":"1999-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":944006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Theor Med Bioeth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]},"DOI":"10.1023\/a:1009947524766","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,23]],"date-time":"2002-12-23T00:25:11Z","timestamp":1040603111000},"page":"517-535","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Clinical specificity and the non-generalities of science"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Ant","family":"Lettinga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Annemaire","family":"Mol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,12,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"235587_CR1","first-page":"105","volume":"94","author":"AT Apeldoorn","year":"1984","unstructured":"See for example: Apeldoorn AT, Meijer OG, Oort van M. Verwetenschappelijking van de fysiotherapie, een kritische analyse van de discussies (Scientification of physical therapy, a critical analysis of the discussions), Nederlands, Tijdschrift voor Fysiotherapie 1984; 94\/95: 105\u2013111; Jette AM. Outcome research: shifting the dominant research paradigm in physical therapy, Physical Therapy 1995; 75: 965\u2013970; Newham DJ. Physiotherapy for the best effect, Physiotherapy 1997; 83: 5\u201312.","journal-title":"Nederlands, Tijdschrift voor Fysiotherapie"},{"key":"235587_CR2","unstructured":"See for example: Carr JH, Shepherd R, eds. Movement Science: Foundations for Physical Therapy in Rehabilitation, Rockville, Maryland: Aspen Publishers, 1987."},{"key":"235587_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/74.5.380","volume":"74","author":"AM Jette","year":"1994","unstructured":"See for example: Jette AM. Physical disablement concepts for physical therapy research and clinical practice, Physical Therapy 1994; 74: 380\u2013386; Heerkens YF, Brandsma JW, Lakerveld-Heyl K, Ravensberg CD. Impairments and disabilities \u2013 The difference: Proposal for adjustment of the international classification of impairments, disabilities and handicaps, Physical Therapy 1994; 74: 430\u2013442.","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"key":"235587_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"See for other analyses of differences in medicine: Berg M, Mol A, eds. Differences in Medicine: Unraveling Practices, Techniques and Bodies, Durham: Brunel, 1998; Mol A, Berg M. Principles and practices of medicine: the co-existence of various anemias, Culture, Medicine and Psychiatry, 1994; 18: 247\u2013265; Mol A, Law J. Regions, networks and fluids: Anemia and social topology. Social Studies of Science, 1994; 24: 641\u2013671. See for a critical reflection on unitarian approaches in this journal: Richter D. Existentialism and postmodernism. Continuities, breaks, and some consequences for medical theory, Theoretical Medicine, 1994; 15: 253\u2013265.","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01379451"},{"key":"235587_CR5","volume-title":"Science in Action","author":"B. Latour","year":"1987","unstructured":"For more background to our sociological informed conception of science see: Latour B. Science in Action. Milton Keynes: Open University Press, 1987; Pickering A, ed. Science as Practice and Culture, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1992."},{"key":"235587_CR6","volume-title":"The Pasteurization of France","author":"B. Latour","year":"1988","unstructured":"See: Latour B. The Pasteurization of France. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988."},{"key":"235587_CR7","volume-title":"Measurement in Neurological Rehabilitation","author":"DT Wade","year":"1992","unstructured":"See: Wade DT. Measurement in Neurological Rehabilitation. Oxford: University Press, 1992."},{"key":"235587_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9406(05)65473-9","volume":"85","author":"AT Lettinga","year":"1999","unstructured":"See for more insight in the relationship between compensatory and integrative approaches: Lettinga AT, Siemonsma P, Veen van M. Entwinement of theory and practice in physiotherapy: a comparative analysis of two approaches to hemiplegia in physiotherapy, Physiotherapy 1999; 85: 476\u2013499.","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"235587_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.9.1496","volume":"38","author":"WM. Landau","year":"1988","unstructured":"Landau WM. Clinical Neuromythology II; Parables of palsy pills and PT pedagogy: A spastic dialectic. Neurology, 1988; 38: 1496\u20131499.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"235587_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/66.8.1233","volume":"66","author":"R Dickstein","year":"1986","unstructured":"See for example: Dickstein R, Hocherman S, Pillar T, Shaman R. Stroke rehabilitation, three exercise approaches. Physical Therapy, 1986: 66: 1233\u20131238; Lord J, Hall K. Neuromuscular re-education versus traditional programs for stroke rehabilitation. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 1986; 67: 88\u201391.","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"key":"235587_CR11","first-page":"1233","volume":"64","author":"MK Logigian","year":"1983","unstructured":"See for example: Logigian MK, Samuels M, Falconer J. Clinical exercise trial for stroke patients. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 1983; 64: 1233\u20131238.","journal-title":"Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"235587_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/69.3.225","volume":"69","author":"RW Bohannan","year":"1989","unstructured":"See for example: Bohannan RW. Is the measurement of muscle strength appropriate in patients with brain lesions? A special communication. Physical Therapy 1989; 69: 225\u2013234.","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"key":"235587_CR13","unstructured":"Several articles have been published in which differences between old and new therapies are explicated. But these authors did not analyze the language in which the content of the diverging therapies are formulated. See for an interesting 'Whig' historical review: Gordon J. Assumptions underlying physical therapy intervention: historical perspectives. In: Carr JH, Shepherd RB, eds. Movement Science Foundations for Physical Therapy in Rehabilitation, Rockville,Maryland: Aspen Publishers, 1987."},{"key":"235587_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9406(05)65612-X","volume":"83","author":"AT Lettinga","year":"1997","unstructured":"Different competing approaches emerged at that time such as the Bobath and Brunnstrom therapy. See for an analysis of the differences and similarities between these two approaches: Lettinga AT, Mol A, Helders PJM, Rispens P. Differentiation as a qualitative research strategy: a comparative analysis of Bobath and Brunnstrom approaches to treatment of stroke patients. Physiotherapy 1997; 83: 538\u2013546.","journal-title":"Physiotherapy"},{"key":"235587_CR15","volume-title":"Adult Hemiplegia Evaluation and Treatment","author":"B. Bobath","year":"1978","unstructured":"Bobath B. Adult Hemiplegia Evaluation and Treatment. London: Heineman, 2nd edn. 1978, 3rd edn. 1990; Bobath B. The treatment of neuromuscular disorders by improving patterns of coordinaion. Physiotherapy, 1969; 55: 18\u201322.","edition":"2nd edn."},{"key":"235587_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"See reference 15: B 1978, p. 63.","DOI":"10.1109\/MSPEC.1978.6367818"},{"key":"235587_CR17","unstructured":"See reference 15: B 1978, p. 19."},{"key":"235587_CR18","volume-title":"A Motor Relearning Programme for Stroke","author":"JH Carr","year":"1982","unstructured":"Carr JH, Shepherd RB. A Motor Relearning Programme for Stroke. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd (first edition 1982, second edition 1987a); Carr JH, Shepherd RB.Motor Training Following stroke. In: Stroke international perspectives in physical therapy 2, Banks, MA, Churchill Livingstone, 1986; 48\u201379; Carr JH, Shepherd RB. Movement Science, Foundation for Physical Therapy in Rehabilitation. Rockville Maryland: Aspen Publishers, 1987b; Carr JH, Shepherd RB. A motor learning model for stroke rehabilitation. Physiotherapy, 1989; 7, 372\u2013380; Carr JH, Shepherd RB, Ada L. spasticity: research findings and implications for intervention. Physiotherapy, 1995; 81: 421\u2013429.","edition":"first edition"},{"key":"235587_CR19","unstructured":"See reference 18: C&S 1987a, p. 155."},{"key":"235587_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"See reference 18: C&S 1986, p. 67.","DOI":"10.1029\/EO067i002p00018-03"},{"key":"235587_CR21","unstructured":"See reference 18: C&S 1987a, p. 159."},{"key":"235587_CR22","volume-title":"Key Issues in Neurological Physiotherapy","author":"L Ada","year":"1990","unstructured":"See also the associates of Carr and Shepherd: Ada L, Canning C, Anticipating and avoiding muscle shortening. In: Ada L & Canning C, eds. Key Issues in Neurological Physiotherapy. Oxford: Butterworth-Heineman Ltd. 1990."},{"key":"235587_CR23","unstructured":"See reference 18: C&S, et al., 1995, p. 421s."},{"key":"235587_CR24","unstructured":"See reference 3: J 1994, p. 380."},{"key":"235587_CR25","unstructured":"See reference 18: C&S et al., 1995, p. 421."},{"key":"235587_CR26","first-page":"485","volume-title":"Spasticity: Disordered Motor Control","author":"JW Lance","year":"1980","unstructured":"Lance JW. Symposium Synopsis, In: Feldman RG, Young RR, Koella WP, eds. Spasticity: Disordered Motor Control. Chicago, London: Year Book Medical Publishers, 1980; 485\u2013500."},{"key":"235587_CR27","volume-title":"Steps to Follow \u2013 A Guide to the Treatment of Adult Hemiplegia","author":"PM Davies","year":"1985","unstructured":"See for example; Davies PM. Steps to Follow \u2013 A Guide to the Treatment of Adult Hemiplegia, Berlin\/Heidelberg\/New York\/Tokyo: Springer-Verlag, 1985."},{"key":"235587_CR28","unstructured":"See reference 15: B 1990, p. 4."},{"key":"235587_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.5.1737","volume":"119","author":"NJO Dwyer","year":"1996","unstructured":"See for an interesting example: Dwyer NJO, Ada L, Neilson PD. Spasticity and muscle contracture following stroke. Brain, 1996; 119: 1737\u20131749.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"235587_CR30","unstructured":"See reference 18: C et al., 1995, p. 427."},{"key":"235587_CR31","unstructured":"See reference 18: C et al., 1995, p. 424."},{"key":"235587_CR32","unstructured":"See reference 18: C et al., 1995, p. 423."},{"key":"235587_CR33","unstructured":"See reference 15: B 1990, p. 35."},{"key":"235587_CR34","first-page":"200","volume":"99","author":"AT Lettinga","year":"1989","unstructured":"See for example: Lettinga AT. Diversiteit in de fysiotherapie, een conceptuele analyse van de Brunnstrom\/NDT controverse (Diversity within physiotherapy: An conceptual analysis of Brunnstrom\/NDT controversy). Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Fysiotherapie, 1989; 99: 200\u2013206; Lettinga AT. Divergentie in de fysiotherapie en de consequenties voor effectonderzoek: De Brunnstrom-en NDT-methode vergelijkenderwijs (Divergence in physical therapy and he consequences for effectiveness research), Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Fysiotherapie 1991; 101: 163\u2013168.","journal-title":"Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Fysiotherapie"}],"container-title":["Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1009947524766.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1009947524766\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1009947524766.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,21]],"date-time":"2025-05-21T04:18:22Z","timestamp":1747801102000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1023\/A:1009947524766"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]}},"alternative-id":["235587"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1009947524766","relation":{},"ISSN":["1386-7415","1573-1200"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1386-7415"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-1200"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 December 1999","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}