{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T15:54:14Z","timestamp":1774799654564,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,6,1]],"date-time":"1998-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":896659200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,6,1]],"date-time":"1998-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":896659200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Dig Dis Sci"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,6]]},"DOI":"10.1023\/a:1018816109905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,2,19]],"date-time":"2003-02-19T16:23:59Z","timestamp":1045671839000},"page":"1285-1291","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Gallstone Prevalence in Germany: The Ulm Gallbladder Stone Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"W.","family":"Kratzer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Kachele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.A.","family":"Mason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"V.","family":"Hill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"B.","family":"Hay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Haug","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"G.","family":"Adler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"K.","family":"Beckh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.","family":"Muche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"294771_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a117403","volume":"141","author":"AF Attili","year":"1995","unstructured":"Attili AF, Carulli N, Roda E, Barbara B, Capocaccia L, Menotti A, Okoliksanyi L, Ricci G, Capocaccia R, Festi D, Lalloni L, Mariotti S, Sama C, Scafato E, MICOL Group: Epidemiology of gallstone disease in Italy: Prevalence data of the Multicenter Italian Study on Cholelithiasis (MICOL). Am J Epidemiol 141:158 - 162, 1995","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"294771_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840070520","volume":"7","author":"L Barbara","year":"1987","unstructured":"Barbara L, Sama C, Labate AMM, Taroni F, Rusticali AG, Festi D, Sapio D, Roda E, Banterle C, Puci A, Formentini F, Colasanti S, Nardin F: A population study on the prevalence of gallstone disease: The Sirmione study. Hepatology 7:913- 917, 1987","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"294771_CR3","first-page":"662","volume":"27","author":"H Berndt","year":"1989","unstructured":"Berndt H, N\u00fcrnberg D, Pannwitz H: Pr\u00e4valenz der Cholelithiasis: Ergebnisse e iner epidemiologischen Studie mittels Sonographie in der DDR. Z Gastroenterol 27:662- 666, 1989","journal-title":"Z Gastroenterol"},{"key":"294771_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528708991963","volume":"22","author":"I Glambek","year":"1987","unstructured":"Glambek I, Kvaale G, Arnesj\u00f6 B, S\u00d8reide O: Prevalence of gallstones in a Norwegian population. Scand J Gastroenterol 22:1089 - 1094, 1987","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"294771_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.32.3.316","volume":"32","author":"KW Heaton","year":"1991","unstructured":"Heaton KW, Braddon FE, Mountford RA, Hughes AO, Emmett PM: Symptomatic and silent gallstones in the community. Gut 32:316 - 320, 1991","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"294771_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a114728","volume":"126","author":"T J\u00d8rgensen","year":"1987","unstructured":"J\u00d8rgensen T: Prevalence of gallstones in a Danish population. Am J Epidemiol 126:912- 921, 1987","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"294771_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.30.2.201","volume":"30","author":"MS Khuroo","year":"1989","unstructured":"Khuroo MS, Mahajan R, Zargar SA, Javid G, Sapru S: Prevalence of biliary tract disease in India: A sonographic study in adult population in Kashmir. Gut 30:201- 205, 1989","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"294771_CR8","first-page":"787","volume":"33","author":"S Kono","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kono S, Shinchi K, Ikeda N, Yanai F, Imanishi K: Prevalence of gallstone disease in re lation to smoking, alcohol use, obesity and glucose tolerance: A study of Self-Defense Forces in Japan. Dig Dis Sci 33:787- 794, 1992","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"294771_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115574","volume":"131","author":"KR Maurer","year":"1990","unstructured":"Maurer KR, Everhart JE, Knowler WC, Shawker TH, Roth HP: Risk factors for gallstone disease in the Hispanic population of the United States. Am J Epidemiol 131:836 - 844, 1990","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"294771_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a115007","volume":"128","author":"H Nomura","year":"1988","unstructured":"Nomura H, Kashiwagi S, Hayashi J, Kajiyama W, Ikematsu H, Noguchi H, Tani S, Goto M: Prevalence of gallstone disease in a general population of Okinawa, Japan. Am J Epidemiol 128:598 - 605, 1988","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"294771_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"796","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a113800","volume":"119","author":"Rome Group for the EpidemiologyPrevention of Cholelithiasis","year":"1984","unstructured":"Rome Group for the Epidemiology and Prevention of Cholelithiasis (GREPCO): Prevalence of gallstone disease in an adult female population. Am J Epidemiol 119:796 - 805, 1984","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"294771_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"904","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840080433","volume":"8","author":"Rome Group for the EpidemiologyPrevention of Cholelithiasis","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rome Group for the Epidemiology and Prevention of Cholelithiasis (GREPCO): The epidemiology of gallstone disease in Rome, Italy: Part I\u00d0 Prevalence data in men. Hepatology 8:904 - 906, 1988","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"294771_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529009107937","volume":"25","author":"C Thijs","year":"1990","unstructured":"Thijs C, Knipschild P, van Engelshoven J: The prevalence of gallstones in a Dutch population. Scand J Gastroenterol 25:155- 160, 1990","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"294771_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/00004836-199001001-00010","volume":"12","author":"SN Lu","year":"1990","unstructured":"Lu SN, Chang WY, Hsieh MY, Chuang WL, Chen SC, Su WP, Tai PY, Wu MM, Chen CJ: Risk factors for gallstones among Chinese in Taiwan. J Clin Gastreoenterol 12:52- 56, 1990","journal-title":"J Clin Gastreoenterol"},{"key":"294771_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1159\/000199294","volume":"33","author":"K Balzer","year":"1986","unstructured":"Balzer K, Goebell H, Breuer N, R\u00fcping KW, Leder LD: Epidemiology in a German industrial town (Essen) from 1940 - 1975. Dige stion 33:189 - 197, 1986","journal-title":"Dige stion"},{"key":"294771_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/5.4.335","volume":"5","author":"M Brett","year":"1986","unstructured":"Brett M, Barker DJP: The world distribution of gallstones. Int J Epidemiol 5:335- 341, 1986","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"294771_CR17","first-page":"341","volume":"20","author":"H Massarrat","year":"1982","unstructured":"Massarrat H, Klingemann HG, Kappert J: Die H\u00e4ufigkeit der Cholelithiasis im autoptischen Material und ambulanten Krankengut aus Deutschland. Z Gastroenterol 20:341- 345, 1982","journal-title":"Z Gastroenterol"},{"key":"294771_CR18","first-page":"245","volume":"34","author":"D Koischwitz","year":"1981","unstructured":"Koischwitz D, Distelmaier W: We rtigkeit und Grenze n der Ultraschalldiagnostik des bili\u00e4ren Systems im Vergle ich zur R\u00f6ntgenkontrastdiagnostik. R\u00f6ntgenbl\u00e4tter 34:245- 251, 1981","journal-title":"R\u00f6ntgenbl\u00e4tter"},{"key":"294771_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(83)80118-8","volume":"84","author":"T Gilat","year":"1983","unstructured":"Gilat T, Feldman C, Halpern Z, Dan M, Bar-Meir S: An increased familial frequency of gallstones. Gastroenterology 84:242- 246, 1983","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"294771_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.291.6487.11","volume":"291","author":"F Pixley","year":"1985","unstructured":"Pixley F, Wilson D, McPherson K, Mann J: Effect of vegetarianism on development of gallstones in women. Br Med J 291:11- 12, 1985","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"294771_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1066716","volume":"114","author":"D N\u00fcrnberg","year":"1989","unstructured":"N\u00fcrnberg D, Berndt H, Pannwitz H: Famili\u00e4re H\u00e4ufung von Gallensteinen. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 114:1059 - 1063, 1989","journal-title":"Dtsch Med Wochenschr"},{"key":"294771_CR22","first-page":"1086","volume":"4","author":"L Barbara","year":"1984","unstructured":"Barbara L, Festi D, Labate AMM: The Sirmione study. Familial frequency of gallstone disease. Hepatology 4:1086, 1984 (abstract)","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"294771_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.30.4.528","volume":"30","author":"T J\u00d8rgensen","year":"1989","unstructured":"J\u00d8rgensen T: Gall stones in a Danish population: Relation to weight, physical activity, smoking, coffee consumption, and diabetes me llitus. Gut 30:528 - 534, 1989","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"294771_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840080434","volume":"8","author":"Rome Group for the EpidemiologyPrevention of Cholelithiasis","year":"1988","unstructured":"Rome Group for the Epidemiology and Prevention of Cholelithiasis (GREPCO): Part II-Factors associated with the disease. Hepatology 8:907- 913, 1988","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"294771_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01296440","volume":"37","author":"I Kato","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kato I, Nomura A, Stemmermann GN, Chyou PH: Prospective study of clinical gallbladder disease and its association with obesity, and other factors. Dig Dis Sci 37:784 - 790, 1992","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"294771_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.29.4.433","volume":"29","author":"T J\u00d8rgensen","year":"1989","unstructured":"J\u00d8rgensen T: Gall stones in a Danish population: Fertility period, pregnancies, and exogenous female sex hormones. Gut 29:433- 439, 1989","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"294771_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528909089221","volume":"24","author":"T J\u00d8rgensen","year":"1989","unstructured":"J\u00d8rgensen T, J\u00d8rgensen LM: Gallstones and diet in a Danish population. Scand J Gastroente rol 24:821- 826, 1989","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroente rol"},{"key":"294771_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.288.6424.1113","volume":"288","author":"RKR Scragg","year":"1984","unstructured":"Scragg RKR, McMichael AJ, Baghurst PA: Die t, alcohol, and relative weight in gallstone disease: A case control study. Br Med J 288:1113- 1119, 1984","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"294771_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.288.6433.1795","volume":"288","author":"RKR Scragg","year":"1984","unstructured":"Scragg RKR, McMichael AJ, Seamark RF: Oral contraceptives, pregnancy, and endogenous oestrogen in gall stone disease \u00d0 a case control study. Br Med J 288:1795- 1799, 1984","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"294771_CR30","first-page":"187","volume-title":"Ern\u00e4hrungsabh\u00e4ngige Krankhe iten und ihre Kosten","author":"Bunde sministerium f\u00fcr Gesundhe it","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bunde sministerium f\u00fcr Gesundhe it: Gallensteine (ICD 574). InErn\u00e4hrungsabh\u00e4ngige Krankhe iten und ihre Kosten, der Bunde sminister fu\u00c8 r Ge sundheit (ed.). Baden-Baden, Nomos, 1993, pp. 187- 193"},{"key":"294771_CR31","volume-title":"Applied Logistic Regre ssion","author":"DW Hosme r","year":"1989","unstructured":"Hosme r DW, Lemeshow S: Applied Logistic Regre ssion. New York, John Wiley & Sons, 1989"},{"key":"294771_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197012172832502","volume":"283","author":"RE Sampliner","year":"1970","unstructured":"Sampliner RE, Benett PH, Come ss LJ: Gallbladder disease in Pima Indians: Demonstration of high prevalence and early onset by cholecystography. N Engl J Med 283:1358 - 1364, 1970","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"294771_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197104012841304","volume":"284","author":"K Biss","year":"1971","unstructured":"Biss K, Ho KJ, Mikkelson BS, Lewis L, Taylor CB: Some unique biologic characte ristics of the Masai of East Africa. N Engl J Med 284:694 - 699, 1971","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"294771_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198908313210902","volume":"321","author":"KM Maclure","year":"1989","unstructured":"Maclure KM, Hayes KC, Colditz GA, Stampfe r MJ, Speize r FE, Willett WC: We ight, diet, and the risk of symptomatic gallstones in middle-aged women. N Engl J Med 321:563- 569, 1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"294771_CR35","first-page":"13","volume":"2","author":"RK Doig","year":"1957","unstructured":"Doig RK: Illness in twins III\u00d0 Cholelithiasis. Med J Aust 2:13- 17, 1957","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"key":"294771_CR36","first-page":"685","volume":"7","author":"J Tesler","year":"1946","unstructured":"Tesler J: Cholecystitis and cholelithiasis in identical twins. Gastroente rology 7:685- 686, 1946","journal-title":"Gastroente rology"},{"key":"294771_CR37","first-page":"41","volume":"175","author":"L Basso","year":"1992","unstructured":"Basso L, McCollum PT, Darling RN, Tocchi A, Tanner WA: A study of cholelithiasis during pregnancy and its relationship with age, parity, menarche, breast-feeding, dysme norrhea, oral contraception and a maternal history of cholelithiasis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 175:41-46, 1992","journal-title":"Surg Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"294771_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.36.4.274","volume":"36","author":"PM Layde","year":"1982","unstructured":"Layde PM, Vessey MP, Yeates D: Risk factors for gall-bladder disease: A cohort of young women attending family planning clinics. J Epidemiol Community Health 36:274 - 278, 1982","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"294771_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01299828","volume":"24","author":"J Ahlberg","year":"1979","unstructured":"Ahlberg J, Angelin B, Einarsson K, Hellstr\u00f6m K, Leijd B: Prevalence of gallbladde r disease in hyperlipoproteinemia. Dig Dis Sci 24:459 - 464, 1979","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"294771_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108705","volume":"59","author":"EA Shaffer","year":"1977","unstructured":"Shaffer EA, Small DM: Biliary lipid se cre tion in cholesterol gallstone disease: The effect of cholecyste ctomy and obesity. J Clin Invest 59:828 - 840, 1977","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"}],"container-title":["Digestive Diseases and Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1018816109905.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1018816109905\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1018816109905.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,14]],"date-time":"2025-07-14T02:45:53Z","timestamp":1752461153000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1023\/A:1018816109905"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,6]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,6]]}},"alternative-id":["294771"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1018816109905","relation":{},"ISSN":["0163-2116","1573-2568"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0163-2116","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2568","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,6]]}}}