{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T19:23:53Z","timestamp":1791833033120,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,1]],"date-time":"2002-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1036108800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,11,1]],"date-time":"2002-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1036108800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J Psycholinguist Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]},"DOI":"10.1023\/a:1021221206119","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,21]],"date-time":"2003-03-21T00:56:49Z","timestamp":1048208209000},"page":"661-678","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":160,"title":["Reading, Syntactic, Orthographic, and Working Memory Skills of Bilingual Arabic-English Speaking Canadian Children"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"31","author":[{"given":"Salim","family":"Abu-Rabia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Linda S.","family":"Siegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"454994_CR1","unstructured":"Adams, M. J. (1990). Beginning to read: Thinking and learning about print. The Reading Research and Education Center. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign."},{"key":"454994_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-1770.1975.tb00106.x","volume":"25","author":"H. C. Bank","year":"1975","unstructured":"Bank, H. C., & Swain, M. (1975). Three-year evaluation of a large scale early grade French immersion program: The Ottawa study. Language Learning, 25, 1\u201330.","journal-title":"Language Learning"},{"key":"454994_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543049002222","volume":"49","author":"J. Cummins","year":"1979","unstructured":"Cummins, J. (1979). Linguistic interdependence and the educational development of bilingual children. Review of Educational Research, 49 222\u2013251.","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"454994_CR4","volume-title":"Empowering minority students","author":"J. Cummins","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cummins, J. (1989). Empowering minority students. Sacramento, CA: California Association for Bilingual Education, Sacramento, CA."},{"key":"454994_CR5","volume-title":"Heritage languages","author":"J. Cummins","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cummins, J., & Danesi, M. (1990). Heritage languages: Toronto, Canada Our Schools Ourselves Education Foundation."},{"key":"454994_CR6","first-page":"60","volume-title":"Communicative competence approaches to language proficiency assessment: Research and application","author":"J. Cummins","year":"1984","unstructured":"Cummins, J., Swain, M., Nakajima, K., Handscombe, J., Green, D., & Iran, C. (1984). Linguistic interdependence among Japanese and Vietnamese immigrant students. In: C. Rivera (Ed.), Communicative competence approaches to language proficiency assessment: Research and application (60\u201381). England: Multilingual Matters Ltd."},{"key":"454994_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01026951","volume":"7","author":"H. A. De Fontoura","year":"1995","unstructured":"De Fontoura, H. A., & Siegel, L. S. (1995). Reading, syntactic and working memory skills of bilingual Portuguese-English Canadian children. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 7 139\u2013153.","journal-title":"Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"454994_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.85.3.453","volume":"85","author":"A. Y. Durgunoglu","year":"1993","unstructured":"Durgunoglu, A. Y., Nagy, W. E., & Hancin-Bhatt, B. J. (1993). Cross-language transfer of phonological awareness. Journal of Educational Psychology, 85, 453\u2013465.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"454994_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1177\/002221949102400905","volume":"24","author":"I. Ganschow","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ganschow, I., Sparks, R. L., Javorsky, J., Pohman, J., & Bishop-Marbury, A. (1991). Identifying native language difficulties among foreign language learners in college: A \u201cforeign\u201d language learning disability? Journal of Learning Disabilities, 24, 530\u2013541.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"454994_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1008017710115","volume":"12","author":"E. Geva","year":"2000","unstructured":"Geva, E., & Siegel, L. S. (2000). Orthographic and cognitive factors in the concurrent development of basic reading skill in two languages. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 12, 1\u201330.","journal-title":"Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"454994_CR11","volume-title":"The Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised","author":"S. Jastak","year":"1984","unstructured":"Jastak, S., & Wilkinson, G. S. (1984). The Wide Range Achievement Test-Revised Wilmington, DE: Jastak Associates."},{"key":"454994_CR12","volume-title":"Bilingual education of children","author":"W. E. Lambert","year":"1972","unstructured":"Lambert, W. E., & Tucker, G. R. (1972). Bilingual education of children. Rowley, MA: Newbury House."},{"key":"454994_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1404","DOI":"10.2307\/1130460","volume":"56","author":"S. D. Lindgren","year":"1985","unstructured":"Lindgren, S. D., De Renzi, E., & Richman, L. C. (1985). Cross-national development dyslexia in Italy and the United States. Child Development, 56, 1404\u20131417.","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"454994_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-1770.1976.tb00258.x","volume":"26","author":"A. McDougall","year":"1976","unstructured":"McDougall, A., & Bruck, M. (1976). English reading within the French immersion program: A comparison of the effects of the introduction of English reading at different grade levels. Language Learning, 26, 37\u201343.","journal-title":"Language Learning"},{"key":"454994_CR15","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Reading Research: Advances in theory and practice","author":"R. Olson","year":"1985","unstructured":"Olson, R., Kliegel, R., Davidson, B. J., & Foltz, G. (1985). Individual and developmental differences in reading disability. In: T. G. Waller (Ed.), Reading Research: Advances in theory and practice (Vol. 4, 1\u201364). New York: Academic Press."},{"key":"454994_CR16","unstructured":"Ryan, A., & Meara, P. (1991). The case of the invisible vowels: Arabic speakers reading English words. Reading in a Foreign Language, L 531\u2013539."},{"key":"454994_CR17","first-page":"45","volume":"1","author":"L. S. Siegel","year":"1986","unstructured":"Siegel, L. S. (1986). Phonological deficits in children with a reading disability. Canadian Journal of Special Education, 1, 45\u201353.","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Special Education"},{"key":"454994_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1037\/h0084184","volume":"42","author":"L. S. Siegel","year":"1988","unstructured":"Siegel, L. S. (1988). Evidence that IQ scores are irrelevant to the definition and analysis of reading disability. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 42, 201\u2013215.","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Psychology"},{"key":"454994_CR19","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Advances in child development and behavior","author":"L. S. Siegel","year":"1993","unstructured":"Siegel, L. S. (1993). The development of reading. In: H. W. Reese (Ed.), Advances in child development and behavior (Vol. 24, 63\u201397). San Diego: Academic Press."},{"key":"454994_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.24.1.28","volume":"24","author":"L. S. Siegel","year":"1988","unstructured":"Siegel, L. S., & Ryan, E. B. (1988). Development of grammatical sensitivity, phonological, and short-term memory skills in normally achieving and learning disabled children. Developmental Psychology, 24, 28\u201337.","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"454994_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.2307\/1131037","volume":"60","author":"L. S. Siegel","year":"1989","unstructured":"Siegel, L. S., & Ryan, E. B. (1989a). The development of working memory in normally achieving and subtypes of disabled children. Child Development, 60, 973\u2013980.","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"454994_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00377646","volume":"2","author":"L. S. Siegel","year":"1989","unstructured":"Siegel, L. S., & Ryan, E. B. (1989b). Subtypes of development dyslexia: The influence of definitional variables. Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 2, 257\u2013287.","journal-title":"Reading and Writing: An Interdisciplinary Journal"},{"key":"454994_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9280.1995.tb00601.x","volume":"6","author":"L. S. Siegel","year":"1995","unstructured":"Siegel, L. S., Share, D., & Geva, E. (1995). Evidence for superior orthographic skills in dyslexics. Psychological Science, 6, 250\u2013254.","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"key":"454994_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948201500809","volume":"15","author":"K. E. Stavonich","year":"1982","unstructured":"Stavonich, K. E. (1982). Individual differences in the cognitive processes of reading: 1. Word decoding. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 15, 485\u2013493.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"454994_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1177\/002221948802101003","volume":"21","author":"K. E. Stavonich","year":"1988","unstructured":"Stavonich, K. E. (1988a). Explaining the differences between the dyslexic and garden variety poor reader: The phonological-core variance-difference model. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 21, 590\u2013604, 612.","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"454994_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02648254","volume":"38","author":"K. E. Stavonich","year":"1988","unstructured":"Stavonich, K. E. (1988b). The right and wrong places to look for the cognitive locus of reading disability. Annals of Dyslexia, 38, 154\u2013177.","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"key":"454994_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-0663.86.1.24","volume":"86","author":"K. E. Stavonich","year":"1994","unstructured":"Stavonich, K. E., & Siegel, L. S. (1994). The phenotypic performance profile of reading-disabled children: A regression-based test of the phonological-core variable-difference model. Journal of Educational Psychology, 86, 24\u201353.","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"454994_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.2307\/1129005","volume":"53","author":"H. W. Stevenson","year":"1982","unstructured":"Stevenson, H. W., Stigler, J. M., Lucker, G. W., & Lee, S. Y. (1982). Reading disabilities: The case of Chinese, Japanese and English. Child Development, 53, 1164\u20131181.","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"454994_CR29","first-page":"111","volume":"4","author":"M. Swain","year":"1990","unstructured":"Swain, M., Lapkin, S., Rowen, N., & Hart, O. (1990) The role of mother tongue literacy in third language learning. Vox. 4, 111\u2013121.","journal-title":"Vox."},{"key":"454994_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.2307\/747799","volume":"23","author":"W. E. Tunmer","year":"1988","unstructured":"Tunmer, W. E., Herriman, M. L., & Nesdale, A. R. (1988). Metalinguistic abilities and beginning reading. Reading Research Quarterly, 23, 134\u2013158.","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"key":"454994_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1515\/9783110804478","volume-title":"The structure of English orthography","author":"R. I. Venezky","year":"1970","unstructured":"Venezky, R. I. (1970). The structure of English orthography. The Hague: Mouton."},{"key":"454994_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.2307\/747596","volume":"25","author":"L. T. Verhoeven","year":"1990","unstructured":"Verhoeven, L. T. (1990). Acquisition of reading in a second language. Reading Research Quarterly, 25, 90\u2013114.","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"},{"key":"454994_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1017\/S0142716400008407","volume":"10","author":"D. Wagner","year":"1989","unstructured":"Wagner, D., Spratt, J. E., & Ezzaki, A. (1989). Does learning to read in a second language always put the child at a disadvantage? Some counterevidence from Morocco. Applied Psycholinguistics, 10, 31\u201348.","journal-title":"Applied Psycholinguistics"},{"key":"454994_CR34","first-page":"261","volume":"34","author":"R. K. Wagner","year":"1988","unstructured":"Wagner, R. K. (1988). Causal relations between the development of phonological processing abilities and the acquisition of reading skills: A meta-analysis. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 34, 261\u2013279.","journal-title":"Merrill-Palmer Quarterly"},{"key":"454994_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.3102\/00346543055003269","volume":"55","author":"A. C. Willig","year":"1985","unstructured":"Willig, A. C. (1985). A meta-analysis of selected studies in the effectiveness of bilingual education. Review of Educational Research, 55, 269\u2013317.","journal-title":"Review of Educational Research"},{"key":"454994_CR36","volume-title":"Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests","author":"R. W. Woodcock","year":"1973","unstructured":"Woodcock, R. W. (1973). Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests. Circle Press, Minnesota: American Guidance Society."},{"key":"454994_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.2307\/747800","volume":"23","author":"H. K. Yopp","year":"1988","unstructured":"Yopp, H. K. (1988). The validity and reliability of phonemic awareness tests. Reading Research Quarterly, 23, 159\u2013177.","journal-title":"Reading Research Quarterly"}],"container-title":["Journal of Psycholinguistic Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1021221206119.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1021221206119\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1021221206119.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T11:38:42Z","timestamp":1751629122000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1023\/A:1021221206119"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]}},"alternative-id":["454994"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1021221206119","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-6905","1573-6555"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-6905","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6555","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,11]]}}}