{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:13:13Z","timestamp":1791357193238,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,1]],"date-time":"1998-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":912470400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1998,12,1]],"date-time":"1998-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":912470400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Psychiatr Q"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,12]]},"DOI":"10.1023\/a:1022182114925","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,21]],"date-time":"2003-03-21T19:29:05Z","timestamp":1048274945000},"page":"301-323","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Reliability and Validity of the Overt Agitation Severity Scale in Adult Psychiatric Inpatients"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Heather J.","family":"Kopecky","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles R.","family":"Kopecky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart C.","family":"Yudofsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"415776_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1993.tb01886.x","volume":"41","author":"MK Aronson","year":"1993","unstructured":"Aronson, MK, Post, DC, & Guastadisegni, P: Dementia, agitation, and care in the nursing home. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 1993; 41:507-512.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"key":"415776_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1177\/089198878800100203","volume":"1","author":"JD Chandler","year":"1998","unstructured":"Chandler, JD & Chandler, JE: The prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders in nursing home population. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 1998; 1:71-76.","journal-title":"Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology"},{"key":"415776_CR3","first-page":"52","volume":"8","author":"J Cohen-Mansfield","year":"1995","unstructured":"Cohen-Mansfield, J: Assessment of disruptive behavior\/agitation in the elderly: Function, methods, & difficulties. J. Geriatric Psychiatry & Neurology, 1995; 8:52-60.","journal-title":"J. Geriatric Psychiatry & Neurology"},{"key":"415776_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1986.tb04302.x","volume":"34","author":"J Cohen-Mansfield","year":"1986","unstructured":"Cohen-Mansfield, J & Billig, N: Agitated behavior in the elderly: I. A conceptual review. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 1986; 34:711-721.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"key":"415776_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/44.3.M77","volume":"44","author":"J Cohen-Mansfield","year":"1989","unstructured":"Cohen-Mansfield, J, Marx, MS, & Rosenthal, AS: A description of agitation in a nursing home. Journal of Gerontology, 1989; 44:77-84.","journal-title":"Journal of Gerontology"},{"key":"415776_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1017\/S1041610292001285","volume":"4","author":"J Cohen-Mansfield","year":"1992","unstructured":"Cohen-Mansfield, J, Marx, MS, & Werner, P: Agitation in elderly persons. An integrative report of findings in a nursing home. International Psychogeriatrics, 1992; 4:221-239.","journal-title":"International Psychogeriatrics"},{"key":"415776_CR7","first-page":"487","volume":"69","author":"JD Corrigan","year":"1987","unstructured":"Corrigan, JD & Mysiw, WJ: Agitation following traumatic head injury: Evidence for a discrete stage of cognitive recovery. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1987; 69:487-492.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"415776_CR8","first-page":"13","volume":"55","author":"ME Kunik","year":"1994","unstructured":"Kunik, ME, Yudofsky, SC, Silver, JM, & Hales, R: Pharmacologic approach to management of agitation associated with dementia. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 1994; 55:13-17.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"415776_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1996.tb00918.x","volume":"44","author":"D Naimark","year":"1996","unstructured":"Naimark, D, Jackson, E, Rockwell, E, & Jeste, DV: Psychotic symptoms in Parkinson's Disease patients with dementia. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 1996; 44:296-299.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"key":"415776_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1002\/j.2048-7940.1990.tb01486.x","volume":"15","author":"TS Patterson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Patterson, TS & Sargent, M: Behavioral management of the agitated head trauma client. Rehabilitation Nursing, 1990; 15:248-249.","journal-title":"Rehabilitation Nursing"},{"key":"415776_CR11","first-page":"17","volume":"17","author":"JM Roper","year":"1991","unstructured":"Roper, JM, Shapiro, J, & Chang, BL: Agitation in the demented patient: A framework for management. Journal of Geron Nursing, 1991; 17:17-21.","journal-title":"Journal of Geron Nursing"},{"key":"415776_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sandel, ME, Zwil, AS, & Fugate, LP: An interdisciplinary perspective on the agitated brain injured patient. NeuroRehabilitation, 1995; 299-308.","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-1995-5404"},{"key":"415776_CR13","first-page":"45","volume":"43","author":"DR Thomas","year":"1988","unstructured":"Thomas, DR: Assessment and management of agitation in the elderly. Geriatrics, 1988; 43:45-53.","journal-title":"Geriatrics"},{"key":"415776_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1118","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.74.10.1118","volume":"74","author":"JG Zimmer","year":"1984","unstructured":"Zimmer, JG, Watson, M, & Treat, A: Behavioral problems among patients in skilled nursing facilities. American Journal of Public Health, 1984; 74:1118-1121.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"415776_CR15","first-page":"1325","volume":"50","author":"MH Bross","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bross, MH & Tatum, NO: Delirium in the elderly patient. American Family Physician, 1994; 50:1325-1332.","journal-title":"American Family Physician"},{"key":"415776_CR16","first-page":"363","volume":"312","author":"WR Ray","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ray, WR, Griffin, MR, & Schaffner, W: Psychotropic drug use and the risk of hip fracture. New England Journal of Medicine, 1989; 312:363-369.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"415776_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1080\/026990596124548","volume":"10","author":"HK Yuen","year":"1996","unstructured":"Yuen, HK & Benzing, P: Guiding of behavior through redirection in brain injury rehabilitation. Brain Injury 1996; 10:229-238.","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"key":"415776_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1002","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1991.tb04048.x","volume":"39","author":"N Billig","year":"1991","unstructured":"Billig, N, Cohen-Mansfield, J, & Lipson, S: Pharmacological treatment of agitation in a nursing home. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 1991; 39:1002-1005.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"key":"415776_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1986.tb04303.x","volume":"34","author":"J Cohen-Mansfield","year":"1986","unstructured":"Cohen-Mansfield, J: Agitated behaviors in the elderly: II. Preliminary results in the cognitively deteriorated. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 1986; 34:722-727.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"issue":"Suppl.","key":"415776_CR20","first-page":"9","volume":"48","author":"B Reisburg","year":"1987","unstructured":"Reisburg, B, Borenstein, J, Salob, SP, Ferris, SH, Franssen, E, & Georgotas, A: Behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: Phenomenology and treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 1987; 48(Suppl.):9-15.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"415776_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1080\/026990596124412","volume":"10","author":"AP Wolf","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wolf, AP, Gleckman, AD, Cifu, DX, & Ginsburg, PC: The prevalence of agitation and brain injury in skilled nursing facilities: A survey. Brain Injury, 1996; 10(4):241.","journal-title":"Brain Injury"},{"key":"415776_CR22","first-page":"293","volume":"5","author":"J Bogner","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bogner, J, & Corrigan, JD: Epidemiology of agitation following brain injury. NeuroRehabilitation, 1995; 5:293-297.","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"415776_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9993(92)90003-F","volume":"73","author":"MM Brooke","year":"1992","unstructured":"Brooke, MM, Questad, KA, Patterson, DR, & Bashak, KJ: Agitation and restlessness after closed head injury: A prospective study of 100 consecutive admissions. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1992; 73:320-323.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"415776_CR24","first-page":"363","volume-title":"Textbook of Neuropsychiatry","author":"JM Silver","year":"1993","unstructured":"Silver, JM, Hales, RE, & Yudofsky, SC: Neuropsychiatric aspects of traumatic brain injury. In SC Yudofsky and RE Hales (Ed.). Textbook of Neuropsychiatry (pp. 363-395). American Psychiatric Press, Inc.: Washington, DC; 1993."},{"key":"415776_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/30.2.206","volume":"80","author":"M Hamel","year":"1990","unstructured":"Hamel, M, Pushkar, D, Andres, D, Reis, M, Dastour, D, Grauer, H, & Bergman, H: Predictors and consequences of aggressive behavior by community-based dementia patients. Gerontologist, 1990; 80:206-211.","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"415776_CR26","first-page":"102","volume":"3","author":"LB Taft","year":"1989","unstructured":"Taft, LB: Conceptual analysis of consequences: conceptual analysis of agitation in the confused elderly. Archives of Psychiatric Nursing, 1989; 3:102-107.","journal-title":"Archives of Psychiatric Nursing"},{"key":"415776_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9993(94)90158-9","volume":"75","author":"T Galski","year":"1994","unstructured":"Galski, T, Palasz, J, Bruno, RL, & Walker, JE: Predicting physical and verbal aggression on a brain trauma unit. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1994; 75:380-383.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"415776_CR28","first-page":"2312","volume":"52","author":"JT Stewart","year":"1995","unstructured":"Stewart, JT: Management of behavior problems in the demented patient. American Family Physician, 1995; 52:2312-2317.","journal-title":"American Family Physician"},{"issue":"3","key":"415776_CR29","first-page":"621","volume":"1","author":"BG Wells","year":"1985","unstructured":"Wells, BG, Midleton, B, Lawrence, G, Lillard, D, & Sefarik, J: Factors associated with the elderly falling in intermediate care facilities. The Annals of Pharmacotherapy, 1985; 1(3):621-626.","journal-title":"The Annals of Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"415776_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1994.tb06982.x","volume":"42","author":"PN Tariot","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tariot, PN, Erb, R, Leibovici, A, Podgorski, CA, Cox, C, Asnis, J, Kolassa, J, & Irvine, C: Carbamazepine treatment of agitation in nursing home patients~with dementia: A preliminary study. Journal of American Geriatric society, 1995; 42:1160-1166.","journal-title":"Journal of American Geriatric society"},{"issue":"suppl1","key":"415776_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S28","DOI":"10.1177\/089198879500800105","volume":"8","author":"PN Tariot","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tariot, PN, Schneider, LS, & Katz, IR: Anticonvulsant and other non-neuroleptic treatment of agitation in dementia. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatric and Neurology, 1995; 8(suppl 1):S28-S39.","journal-title":"Journal of Geriatric Psychiatric and Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"415776_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03460040044026","volume":"265","author":"ME Tinetti","year":"1991","unstructured":"Tinetti, ME, Liu, WL, Marottol, RA, & Gintu, SF: Mechanical restraint use among residents of skilled nursing facilities. Journal of American Medical Association, 1991; 265(4):468-471.","journal-title":"Journal of American Medical Association"},{"issue":"7","key":"415776_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1177\/070674378803300702","volume":"33","author":"RJ Ancill","year":"1988","unstructured":"Ancill, RJ, Embury, GD, MacEwan, GW, & Kennedy, JS: The use and misuse of psychotropic prescribing for elderly psychiatric patients. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 1988; 33(7):585-589.","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"415776_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3016","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1988.03410200072028","volume":"260","author":"M Beers","year":"1988","unstructured":"Beers, M, Avorn, J, & Soumerai, SB: Psychoactive medication use in intermediate care facility residents. Journal of American Medical Association, 1988; 260:3016-3020.","journal-title":"Journal of American Medical Association"},{"issue":"6","key":"415776_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"654","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-198906000-00008","volume":"27","author":"LR Bernstein","year":"1989","unstructured":"Bernstein, LR, Folkman, S, & Lazarus, RS: Characterization of the use and misuse of medications by an elderly, ambulatory population. Medical Care, 1989; 27(6):654-663.","journal-title":"Medical Care"},{"key":"415776_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1988.tb02379.x","volume":"36","author":"JA Buck","year":"1988","unstructured":"Buck, JA: Psychotropic drug practices in nursing homes. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 1988; 36:409-418.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatric Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"415776_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1177\/089826439000200104","volume":"2","author":"J Cohen-Mansfield","year":"1990","unstructured":"Cohen-Mansfield, J, & Marx, MS: The relationship between sleep disturbances and agitation in a nursing home. Journal of Aging and Health, 1990; 2(1):42-57.","journal-title":"Journal of Aging and Health"},{"key":"415776_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.70.5.485","volume":"70","author":"WR Ray","year":"1980","unstructured":"Ray, WR, Federspiel, CF, & Schaffner, W: A study of antipsychotic drug use in nursing homes: epidemiological evidence suggesting misuse. American Journal of Public Health, 1980; 70:485-491.","journal-title":"American Journal of Public Health"},{"key":"415776_CR39","first-page":"175","volume":"46","author":"PE Borenstein","year":"1985","unstructured":"Borenstein, PE: The use of restraints on a general psychiatric unit. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 1985; 46:175-178.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"415776_CR40","first-page":"40","volume":"34","author":"M Burney-Puckett","year":"1996","unstructured":"Burney-Puckett, M: Sundown syndrome: Etiology and management. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 1996; 34:40-43.","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosocial Nursing"},{"key":"415776_CR41","volume-title":"Geriatric psychology: A behavioral perspective","author":"RA Hussian","year":"1981","unstructured":"Hussian, RA: Geriatric psychology: A behavioral perspective. New York: Van Norstrand Reinhold, 1981."},{"key":"415776_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Weick, MD: Physical restraints: An FDA update. American Journal of Nursing, Nov., 1992; 74-80.","DOI":"10.2307\/3426944"},{"key":"415776_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/32.6.822","volume":"32","author":"C Harrington","year":"1992","unstructured":"Harrington, C, Tompkins, C, Curtis, M, & Grant L: Psychotropic drug use in long-term care facilities. A review of the literature. Gerontologist, 1992; 32:833-833.","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"415776_CR44","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine Committee on Nursing Home Regulation: Improving the quality of care in nursing homes. Washington D.C., National Academy Press, 1986; 378-379."},{"key":"415776_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03460040078035","volume":"265","author":"SF Jencks","year":"1991","unstructured":"Jencks, SF & Clauser, SB: Managing behavior problems in nursing homes. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1991; 265:502-503.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"415776_CR46","first-page":"621","volume":"1","author":"JB MacDonald","year":"1985","unstructured":"MacDonald, JB: The role of drugs in falls in the elderly. Clin Ger Med, 1985; 1(3):621-626.","journal-title":"Clin Ger Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"415776_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1177\/073346489000900109","volume":"9","author":"MS Marx","year":"1990","unstructured":"Marx, MS, Cohen-Mansfield, J, & Werner, P: Agitation and falls in institutionalized elderly persons. Journal of Applied Gerontology, 1990; 9(1):106-117.","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Gerontology"},{"key":"415776_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1984.tb02251.x","volume":"82","author":"MD Reynolds","year":"1984","unstructured":"Reynolds, MD: Institutional prescribing for the elderly. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 1984; 82:640-645.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatric Society"},{"issue":"4","key":"415776_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198901263200406","volume":"320","author":"J Avorn","year":"1989","unstructured":"Avorn, J, Dreyer, P, Connelly, K, & Soumerai, SB: Use of psychoactive medication and the quality of care in rest homes. Findings and policy implications of a statewide study. New England Journal of Medicine, 1989; 320(4):227.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"415776_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199207163270306","volume":"327","author":"J Avorn","year":"1992","unstructured":"Avorn, J, Soumerai, SB, Everitt, DE, Degnan, D, Beers, M: A randomized trial of a program to reduce the use of psychoactive drugs in nursing homes. New England Journal of Medicine, 1992, 327:168-173.","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"415776_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1994.tb06865.x","volume":"42","author":"TP Semla","year":"1994","unstructured":"Semla, TP, Palla, K, Poddig, B, & Brauner, PJ: Effect of the Omnibus Reconciliation Act 1987 on antipsychotic prescribing in nursing home residents. Journal of American Geriatric Society, 1994; 42:648-652.","journal-title":"Journal of American Geriatric Society"},{"key":"415776_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1991.03460040039025","volume":"265","author":"J Garrard","year":"1991","unstructured":"Garrard, J, Makris, L, Dunham, T, Heston, LL, Cooper, S, Ratner, ER, Zellerman, D, & Kane, RL: Evaluation of neuroleptic drug use by nursing home elderly under proposed Medicare and Medicaid regulations. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1991; 265:463-467.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"415776_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1185\/03007999409110487","volume":"13","author":"HA Nygaard","year":"1994","unstructured":"Nygaard, HA, Bakke, K, Brudvik, E, Elgen, K, & Lien, GK: Dosing of neuroleptics in elderly demented patients with aggressive and agitated behavior: A double-blind study with zuclopenthixol. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 1994; 13:222-232.","journal-title":"Current Medical Research and Opinion"},{"issue":"4","key":"415776_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1994.03520040054040","volume":"272","author":"SM Wilcox","year":"1994","unstructured":"Wilcox, SM, Himmelstein, OU, & Woolhandler, S: Inappropriate drug prescribing for the community-dwelling elderly. Journal of American Medical Association, 1994; 272(4):292-295.","journal-title":"Journal of American Medical Association"},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"415776_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S18","DOI":"10.1177\/089198879500800104","volume":"8","author":"DP Devanand","year":"1995","unstructured":"Devanand, DP & Levy, SR: Neuroleptic treatment of agitation and psychosis in dementia. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry & Neurology, 1995; 8(Suppl 1):S18-S27.","journal-title":"Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry & Neurology"},{"key":"415776_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1981.10524298","volume":"13","author":"SB Eve","year":"1981","unstructured":"Eve, SB, & Friedsam, HJ: Use of tranquilizers and sleeping pills among older Texans. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 1981; 13:165-173.","journal-title":"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"415776_CR57","first-page":"185","volume":"45","author":"N Pomara","year":"1985","unstructured":"Pomara, N, Stanley, B, & Black, R: Increased sensitivity of the elderly to the central depressant effects of diazepam. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 1985; 45:185-187.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"issue":"23","key":"415776_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3303","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1989.03430230088031","volume":"262","author":"WR Ray","year":"1989","unstructured":"Ray, WR, Griffin, MR, & Downey, W: Benzodiazepines of long and short elimination half-life and the risk of hip fracture. Journal of the American Medical Association, 1989; 262(23):3303-3307.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"415776_CR59","first-page":"17","volume":"30","author":"SM Smith-Jones","year":"1992","unstructured":"Smith-Jones, SM & Francis, GM: Disruptive, institutionalized elderly: A cost effective intervention. Journal of Psychosocial Nursing, 1992; 30:17-20.","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosocial Nursing"},{"key":"415776_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1988.00380110083017","volume":"148","author":"GS Sorock","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sorock, GS, & Shimkin, EE: Benzodiazepine sedatives and the risk of falling in a community dwelling elderly cohort. Arch Intern Med, 1988; 148:2241-2444.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"415776_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1981.10524300","volume":"13","author":"RC Stephens","year":"1981","unstructured":"Stephens, RC, Haney, CA, & Underwood, S: Psychoactive drug use and potential misuse among persons aged 55 years and older. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 1981; 13:185-193.","journal-title":"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"415776_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1996.tb00913.x","volume":"44","author":"PB Thapa","year":"1996","unstructured":"Thapa, PB, Brockman, KG, Gideon, P, Fought, RL, & Ray, WA: Injurious falls in nonambulatory nursing home residents: A comparative study of circumstances, incidence, & risk factors. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 1996; 44:273-278.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"key":"415776_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.7.3.314","volume":"7","author":"AD Lott","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lott, AD, McElroy, SL, & Keys, MA: Valproate in the treatment of behavioral agitation in elderly patients with dementia. Journal of Neuropsychiatry, 1995; 7:314-319.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"415776_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1400","DOI":"10.1177\/106002809202601114","volume":"26","author":"DA Smith","year":"1992","unstructured":"Smith, DA, & Perry, PS: Nonneuroleptic treatment of disruptive behavior in organic mental syndromes. Annals of Pharmacology, 1992; 26:1400-1408.","journal-title":"Annals of Pharmacology"},{"key":"415776_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/002383099200500401","volume":"5","author":"R Friedman","year":"1992","unstructured":"Friedman, R, Gryfe, CI, Tal, DT, & Freedman, M: The noisy elderly patient: prevalence, assessment, and response to the antidepressant doxepin. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry & Neurology, 1992; 5:87-191.","journal-title":"Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry & Neurology"},{"key":"415776_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-19960501-08","volume":"26","author":"JT Lake","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lake, JT, & Grossberg, GT: Management of Psychosis, agitation, and other behavioral problems in Alzheimer's disease. Psychiatric Annals, 1996; 26:274-279.","journal-title":"Psychiatric Annals"},{"key":"415776_CR67","first-page":"507","volume":"41","author":"MS Marx","year":"1993","unstructured":"Marx, MS, Werner, P, & Cohen-Mansfield, J: Agitation and touch in the nursing home. Journal of Geriatric Science, 1993; 41:507-512.","journal-title":"Journal of Geriatric Science"},{"key":"415776_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/089198879300600404","volume":"6","author":"AM Mellow","year":"1993","unstructured":"Mellow, AM, Solano-Lopez, C, & Davis, S: Sodium valproate in the treatment of behavioral disturbance in dementia. Journal of American Geriatric Psychiatric and Neurology, 1993; 6:205-209.","journal-title":"Journal of American Geriatric Psychiatric and Neurology"},{"key":"415776_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1992.00530280051022","volume":"49","author":"DP Devanand","year":"1992","unstructured":"Devanand, DP, Miller, L, Richards, M, Marder, K, Bell, K, Mayeux, R, & Stein, Y: The Columbia University scale for psychopathology in Alzheimer's disease. Arch Neurol, 1992; 49:371-376.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"key":"415776_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1177\/089198878900200405","volume":"2","author":"D Mungas","year":"1989","unstructured":"Mungas, D, Weiler, P, Franzi, C, & Henry, R: Assessment of disruptive behavior associated with dementia: The disruptive behavior rating scale. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology, 2, 1989; 196-202.","journal-title":"Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology"},{"key":"415776_CR71","first-page":"771","volume":"24","author":"G Niederehe","year":"1988","unstructured":"Niederehe, G: TRIMS Behavioral Problem Checklist (BPC). Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 1988; 24:771-778.","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology Bulletin"},{"key":"415776_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700032876","volume":"22","author":"B. Patel","year":"1992","unstructured":"Patel, B. & Hope, RA: A rating scale for aggressive behavior in the elderly-the RAGE. Psychological Medicine, 1992; 22:211-221.","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"415776_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"M9","DOI":"10.1093\/geronj\/47.1.M9","volume":"47","author":"WR Ray","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ray, WR, Taylor, JA, Lichtenstein, MJ, & Meador, KG: The Nursing Home Behavior Problem Scale (NHBPS). Journal of Gerontology, 1992; 47:M9-16.","journal-title":"Journal of Gerontology"},{"key":"415776_CR74","first-page":"257","volume":"46","author":"B Reisburg","year":"1987","unstructured":"Reisburg, B, Borenstein, J, & Salob, SP: Behavioral symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: Phenomenology and treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 1987; 46:257-261.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"415776_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(92)90020-4","volume":"41","author":"D Sinha","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sinha, D, Zemlan, FP, Nelson, S, Bienenfold, D, Thienhaus, O, Ramaswarny, G, & Hamilton, S: A new sale for assessing behavioral agitation in dementia. Psychiatry Research, 1992; 41:73-88.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"415776_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.4770140203","volume":"14","author":"MB Ryden","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ryden, MB, Bossenmaier, M, & McLachlan, C: Aggressive behavior in cognitively impaired nursing home residents. Research in Nursing and Health, 1991; 14:87-95.","journal-title":"Research in Nursing and Health"},{"key":"415776_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3928\/0098-9134-19871101-10","volume":"13","author":"LM Struble","year":"1987","unstructured":"Struble, LM & Siversten, L: Agitation behaviors in confused elderly patients. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 1987; 13:40-44.","journal-title":"Journal of Gerontological Nursing"},{"key":"415776_CR78","unstructured":"Yudofsky, SC, Kopecky, HJ, Kunik, M, Silver, JM, & Endicott, J: The Overt Agitation Severity Scale for the objective rating of agitation. Journal of Neuropsychiatry, 1997; 4."},{"key":"415776_CR79","unstructured":"Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) (4th ed.). Washington D.C., American Psychiatric Association Press, Inc., 1994."},{"key":"415776_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.141.4.572","volume":"141","author":"DJ Anderson","year":"1984","unstructured":"Anderson, DJ, Noyes, R, & Crowe, RR: A comparison of panic disorder and generalized anxiety disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1984; 141:572-575.","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"415776_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-3182(86)72622-4","volume":"27","author":"OG Cameron","year":"1986","unstructured":"Cameron, OG & Hudson, CJ: Influence of exercise on anxiety levels in patients with anxiety disorders. Psychosomatics, 1986; 27:720-722.","journal-title":"Psychosomatics"},{"key":"415776_CR82","first-page":"137","volume":"39","author":"SC Dilsaver","year":"1989","unstructured":"Dilsaver, SC: Generalized anxiety disorder. American Family Physician, 1989; 39:137-144.","journal-title":"American Family Physician"},{"key":"415776_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(18)30710-X","volume":"8","author":"R Hoehn-Saric","year":"1985","unstructured":"Hoehn-Saric, R, & McLeod, DR: Generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatric Clinics of North American, 1985; 8:73-88.","journal-title":"Psychiatric Clinics of North American"},{"key":"415776_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.149.8.1058","volume":"149","author":"J Kenardy","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kenardy, J, Evans, L, & Oei, TP: The latent structure of anxiety symptoms in anxiety disorders. american Journal of Psychiatry, 1992; 149:1058-1061.","journal-title":"american Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"415776_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.1991.10471611","volume":"23","author":"MJ Landry","year":"1991","unstructured":"Landry, MJ, Smith, DE, & Steinberg, JR: Anxiety, depression, and substance use disorders: Diagnosis, treatment, and prescribing practices. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs, 1991; 23:397-416.","journal-title":"Journal of Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"415776_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-6465(22)02991-7","volume":"25","author":"L Robinson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Robinson, L: Stress and anxiety. Nursing Clinics of North America, 1990; 25:935-943.","journal-title":"Nursing Clinics of North America"},{"key":"415776_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-199009000-00006","volume":"178","author":"WC Sanderson","year":"1990","unstructured":"Sanderson, WC, & Barlow, DH: A description of patients diagnosed with DSM-III-R generalized anxiety disorder. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 1990; 178:588-591.","journal-title":"The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease"},{"key":"415776_CR88","first-page":"5","volume":"52","author":"AF Schatzberg","year":"1991","unstructured":"Schatzberg, AF: Overview of anxiety disorders: Prevalence, biology, course, and treatment. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 1991; 52:5-9.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"415776_CR89","first-page":"11","volume":"47","author":"MM Weissman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Weissman, MM, & Merikangas, KR.: The epidemiology of anxiety and panic disorders: An update. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 1986; 47:11-17.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"key":"415776_CR90","first-page":"232","volume":"149","author":"SW Woods","year":"1988","unstructured":"Woods, SW, Charney, DS, Goodman, WK, & Henninger, GR: Carbon dioxide-induced anxiety. Archives of General Psychiatry, 1988; 149:232-235.","journal-title":"Archives of General Psychiatry"},{"key":"415776_CR91","first-page":"31","volume":"39","author":"B Eichelman","year":"1988","unstructured":"Eichelman, B: toward a rational pharmacotherapy for aggressive and violent behavior. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 1988; 39:31-39.","journal-title":"Hospital and Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"415776_CR92","first-page":"520","volume":"38","author":"GJ Maier","year":"1987","unstructured":"Maier, GJ, Stava, LJ, Morrow, BR, Van Rybroek, GJ, & Bauman, KG: A model for understanding and managing cycles of aggression among psychiatric inpatients. Hospital and Community Psychiatry, 1987; 38:520-524.","journal-title":"Hospital and Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"415776_CR93","volume-title":"Textbook of Neuropsychiatry","author":"SC Yudofsky","year":"1994","unstructured":"Yudofsky, SC, Silver, JM, & Hales, RE: Pharmacologic treatment of aggressive disorders. Textbook of Neuropsychiatry, Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1994."},{"key":"415776_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1994.tb04951.x","volume":"42","author":"S Bridges-Parlet","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bridges-Parlet, S, Knopman, D, & Thompson, T: A descriptive study of physically aggressive behavior\/dementia by direct observation. Journal of the American Geriatric Society, 1994; 42:192-197.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatric Society"},{"key":"415776_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1993.tb06183.x","volume":"41","author":"ML Malone","year":"1993","unstructured":"Malone, ML, Thompson, L, & Goodwin, JS: Aggressive behaviors among the institutionalized elderly. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 1993; 41:853-856.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"key":"415776_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.149.2.232","volume":"149","author":"E Pearson","year":"1986","unstructured":"Pearson, E & Padi, M: A study of violent behavior among in-patients in a psychiatric hospital. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1986; 149:232-235.","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"415776_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S22","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.3.2.223","volume":"3","author":"JM Silver","year":"1991","unstructured":"Silver, JM & Yudofsky, SC: The Overt Aggression Scale: Overview and guiding principles. Journal of Neuropsychiatry, 1991; 3:S22-S29.","journal-title":"Journal of Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"415776_CR98","volume-title":"Textbook of Neuropsychiatry","author":"SC Yudofsky","year":"1992","unstructured":"Yudofsky, SC, Silver, JM, & Hales, RE: Pharmacologic treatment of aggressive disorders. SC Yudofsky and RE Hales (Eds.). Textbook of Neuropsychiatry, Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Press, 1992."},{"key":"415776_CR99","first-page":"35","volume":"143","author":"SC Yudofsky","year":"1996","unstructured":"Yudofsky, SC, Silver, JM, Jackson, W, Endicott, J, & Williams, D: The Overt Aggression Scale for the objective rating of verbal and physical aggression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1996; 143:35-39.","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"415776_CR100","first-page":"323","volume":"45","author":"DB Carr","year":"1994","unstructured":"Carr, DB, & Sheehan, DV: Panic anxiety: A new biological model. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 1994; 45:323-330.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"415776_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S2","DOI":"10.1177\/089198879500800102","volume":"8","author":"M Kirby","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kirby, M & Lawlor, BA: Biologic markers and neurochemical correlates of agitation and psychosis in dementia. Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry & Neurology, 1995, 8(Suppl 1):S2-S7.","journal-title":"Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry & Neurology"},{"key":"415776_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.1.2.167","volume":"1","author":"ML Leavitt","year":"1989","unstructured":"Leavitt, ML, Yudofsky, SC, Maroon, JC, Riley, EJ, & Bavitz, MB: Effect of intraventricular nadolol infusion on shock-induced aggression in 6-hydroxydopamine-treated rats. Journals of Neuropsychiatry, 1989, 1:167-172.","journal-title":"Journals of Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"415776_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0193-953X(18)30714-7","volume":"8","author":"JM Rainey","year":"1985","unstructured":"Rainey, JM, & Randolph, MN: Psychobiology of anxiety and anxiety disorders. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 1985; 8:133-144.","journal-title":"Psychiatric Clinics of North America"},{"key":"415776_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.143.6.775","volume":"143","author":"PJ Sorgi","year":"1986","unstructured":"Sorgi, PJ, Ratey, JJ, & Polakoff, S: B-adrenergic blockers for the control of aggressive behaviors in patient with chronic schizophrenia. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1986; 143:775-776.","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"415776_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-19870601-06","volume":"17","author":"JM Silver","year":"1987","unstructured":"Silver, JM & Yudofsky, SC: Aggressive behavior in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders. Psychiatric Annals, 1987; 17:367-369.","journal-title":"Psychiatric Annals"},{"key":"415776_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.31.9.1127","volume":"31","author":"JR Stevens","year":"1981","unstructured":"Stevens, JR, & Hermann, BP: Temporal lobe epilepsy, psychopathology, and violence: the state of the evidence. Neurology, 1981; 31: 1127-1132.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"415776_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S77","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1986.tb05742.x","volume":"27","author":"DM Treiman","year":"1986","unstructured":"Treiman, DM: Epilepsy and violence: Medical and legal issues. Epilepsia, 1986; 27:S77-S104.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"415776_CR108","first-page":"232","volume":"49","author":"PE Wilmot","year":"1986","unstructured":"Wilmot, PE, & Padi, M: A study of violent behavior among inpatients in a psychiatric hospital. British Journal of Psychiatry, 1986; 49:232-235.","journal-title":"British Journal of Psychiatry"},{"key":"415776_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-19870601-07","volume":"17","author":"B Eichelman","year":"1987","unstructured":"Eichelman, B: Neurochemical bases of aggressive behavior. Psychiatric Annals, 1987; 17:371-373.","journal-title":"Psychiatric Annals"},{"key":"415776_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-199300130-00010","volume":"1","author":"N Herrmann","year":"1993","unstructured":"Herrmann, N, & Eryavec, G: Buspirone in the management of agitation and aggression associated with dementia. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 1993; 1:249-253.","journal-title":"American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"415776_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-9993(92)90003-F","volume":"73","author":"MM Brooke","year":"1992","unstructured":"Brooke, MM, Patterson, PR, Questad, KA, Cardenas, D, & Farrel-Roberts, LA: The treatment of agitation during initial hospitalization after traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil, 1992; 73:917-921.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"key":"415776_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/00019442-199400210-00008","volume":"2","author":"J Rosen","year":"1994","unstructured":"Rosen, J, Burgio, L, Kollar, M, Cain, M, Allison, M, Fogelman, M, Michael, M, & Zubenko, G: The Pittsburgh Agitation Scale. American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 1994; 2:52-59.","journal-title":"American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"415776_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.1993.tb05948.x","volume":"41","author":"SI Finkel","year":"1993","unstructured":"Finkel, SI, Lyons, JS, & Anderson, RL: A Brief Agitation Rating Scale (BARS) for nursing home elderly. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 1993; 41:50-52.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"key":"415776_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.930070706","volume":"1","author":"SI Finkel","year":"1992","unstructured":"Finkel, SI, Lyons, JS, & Anderson, RL: Reliability and validity of the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Inventory in institutionalized elderly. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 1992; 1:487-490.","journal-title":"International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"},{"key":"415776_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.930100208","volume":"10","author":"SI Finkel","year":"1995","unstructured":"Finkel, SI, Lyons, JS, Anderson, RL, & Sherrel, K: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial of thiothixene in agitated, demented nursing home patients. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 1995; 10:129-136.","journal-title":"International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Psychiatric Quarterly"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1022182114925.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1022182114925\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1022182114925.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,5]],"date-time":"2025-08-05T12:29:28Z","timestamp":1754396968000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1023\/A:1022182114925"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1998,12]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1998,12]]}},"alternative-id":["415776"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1022182114925","relation":{},"ISSN":["0033-2720","1573-6709"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0033-2720","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6709","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1998,12]]}}}