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Results suggest that psychological distress and behavioral problems experienced during the adolescent years (7th\u201310th grades) are significantly related to personality structure during the final year of high school (12th grade). Psychological distress in adolescence was primarily related to the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) superfactors of negative and positive emotionality, whereas delinquency and substance use problems were primarily related to the MPQ superfactor of constraint. These relationships remained significant even when personality characteristics in 9th grade were taken into account. That is, emotional and behavioral problems predicted change in personality traits during the adolescent years. Moreover, both initial level and change in distress and problem behaviors were predictive of late adolescent or early adult personality. This finding suggests that personality formation is a dynamic process, dependent on the growth or decline, as well as the magnitude of earlier developmental problems. Because earlier research has shown that these developmental problems are affected by both distal and proximal environmental contexts as well as by the formative nature of adolescence, intervention efforts aimed at the reduction of maladjustment and the enhancement of healthy personality development should target early adolescent social contexts. Other theoretical implications of the findings also are discussed.<\/jats:italic><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1022238227937","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,28]],"date-time":"2003-03-28T17:23:32Z","timestamp":1048872212000},"page":"429-459","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Adjustment Problems and Emerging Personality Characteristics from Early to Late Adolescence"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Xiaojia","family":"Ge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of California at Davis USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rand D.","family":"Conger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iowa State University USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.87.1.49"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1983.01790060099013"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1992.tb00265.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.104.1.97"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10127-018"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.60.5.726"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1994.tb00792.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-6494.1989.tb00487.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.23.2.308"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.24.6.824","article-title":"Moving away from the world: Life-course patterns of shy children","volume":"24","author":"Caspi A.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00885.x"},{"volume-title":"American lives: Looking back at the children of the Great Depression","year":"1995","author":"Clausen J. 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