{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,16]],"date-time":"2026-01-16T10:29:56Z","timestamp":1768559396201,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,11,1]],"date-time":"1999-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":941414400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,11,1]],"date-time":"1999-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":941414400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Neurochem Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,11]]},"DOI":"10.1023\/a:1022580506443","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,28]],"date-time":"2003-03-28T23:03:18Z","timestamp":1048892598000},"page":"1385-1395","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Neuroactive Amino Acids in Focally Epileptic Human Brain: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Allan L.","family":"Sherwin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"422357_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5288","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.17-14-05288.1997","volume":"17","author":"B. Adams","year":"1997","unstructured":"Adams, B., Sazgar, M., Osenhobo, P., Van der Zee, C.E., Diamond, J., Fahnestock, M., and Racine, R.J.1997.Nerve growth factor accelerates seizure development, enhances mossy fiber sprouting, and attenuates seizure-induced decreases in neuronal density in the kindling model of epilepsy.J. Neurosci. 17:5288\u20135296.","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"422357_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(87)90724-5","volume":"76","author":"M. Avoli","year":"1987","unstructured":"Avoli, M., and Olivier, A.1987.An N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist depresses bursting in human epileptogenic neocortex. Neurosci.Lett.76:249\u2013254.","journal-title":"Neurosci.Lett."},{"key":"422357_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1139\/y97-037","volume":"75","author":"M. Avoli","year":"1997","unstructured":"Avoli, M., Hwa, G., Louvel, J., Kurcewicz, I., Pumain, R., and Lacaille, J.C.1997.Functional and pharmacological properties of GABA-mediated inhibition in the human neocortex.Can.J. Physiol. & Pharmacol.75:526\u2013534.","journal-title":"Can.J. Physiol. & Pharmacol."},{"key":"422357_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2562","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.09-07-02562.1989","volume":"9","author":"T.L. Babb","year":"1989","unstructured":"Babb, T.L., Pretorius, J.K.,Kupfer, W.R., and Crandall, P.H.1989.Glutamate decarboxylase-immunoreactive neurons are preserved in human epileptic hippocampus.J. Neurosci.9:2562\u20132574.","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"422357_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(93)90085-L","volume":"16","author":"E. Ben-Menachem","year":"1993","unstructured":"Ben-Menachem, E., Hamberger, A., and Mumford, J.1993.Effect of long-term vigabatrin therapy on GABA and other amino acid concentrations in the central nervous system-a case study. Epilepsy Res.16:241\u2013243.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"422357_CR6","first-page":"477","volume":"47","author":"H.F. Bradford","year":"1995","unstructured":"Bradford, H.F.1995.Glutamate, GABA and Epilepsy:Prog, in Neurobiol.47:477\u2013511.","journal-title":"Glutamate, GABA and Epilepsy:Prog, in Neurobiol."},{"key":"422357_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02071.x","volume":"40","author":"R.G Bittar","year":"1999","unstructured":"Bittar, R.G, Andermann, F., Olivier, A., Dubeau, F., Dumoulin, S.O., Pike, G.B., and Reutens, D.C.1999.Intrerictal spikes increase cerebral glucose metabolism and blood flow:A PET study.Epilepsia40:170\u2013178.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"422357_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410190106","volume":"19","author":"R. Briere","year":"1986","unstructured":"Briere, R., Sherwin, A.L., Robitaille, Y., Olivier, A., Quesney, L.P., and Reader, T.A.1986.Alpha-1 adrenoceptors are decreased in human epileptic foci.Ann.Neurol.19:26\u201330.","journal-title":"Ann.Neurol."},{"key":"422357_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410410113","volume":"41","author":"F. Cendes","year":"1997","unstructured":"Cendes, F., Stanley, J.A., Dubeau, F., Andermann, F., and Arnold D.1997.Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging for discrimination of absence and complex partial seizures.Ann Neurol 41:74\u201381.","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"422357_CR10","first-page":"239","volume":"l2","author":"A.G. Chapman","year":"1996","unstructured":"Chapman, A.G., Elwes, R.D., Millan, M.H., Polkey, C.E., and Meldrum, B.S.1996.Role of glutamate and aspartate in epileptogenesis;contribution of microdialysis studies in animal and man.Epilepsy Res.(Suppl.l2):239\u2013246.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"422357_CR11","volume-title":"Recent Adv.in Epilepsy","author":"A. Chapman","year":"1988","unstructured":"Chapman, A., 1988.Amino acid abnormalities in plasma, CSF and brain in epilepsy: Pages 45\u201362, in Pedley, T.A., et al. (eds.), Recent Adv.in Epilepsy Vol.14, Churchill Livingstone, New York."},{"key":"422357_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/0887-8994(93)90003-U","volume":"9","author":"H.T. Chugani","year":"1993","unstructured":"Chugani, H.T., Shewmon, D.A., Kahanna, S., and Phelps, M.E. 1993.Interictal and postictal focal hypermetabolism on positron emission tomography.Pediatric Neurol.9:10\u201315.","journal-title":"Pediatric Neurol."},{"key":"422357_CR13","first-page":"64","volume":"2","author":"N.C. de Lanerolle","year":"1994","unstructured":"de Lanerolle, N.C., Kim, J.H., Brines, M.I.1994.Cellular and molecular alterations in partial epilepsy.Clin. Neurosci.2:64\u201381.","journal-title":"Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"422357_CR14","volume-title":"Excitatory Amino Acids, FIDIA Research Foundation Symposium Series","author":"K.Q. Do","year":"1991","unstructured":"Do, K.Q., Klancnik, J.M., Gahwiler, B., Perschak, H., Wieser, H-G. and Cuenod, M.1991.Release of exitatory amino acids. Animal studies and epileptic foci studies in humans. Pages 667\u2013685, in Meldrum B.S.et al.(eds.) Excitatory Amino Acids, FIDIA Research Foundation Symposium Series.Vol 5. Raven Press, New York."},{"key":"422357_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(89)90505-2","volume":"481","author":"F. Dubeau","year":"1989","unstructured":"Dubeau, F. and Sherwin, A.L., 1989, Adrenergic mediated phosphatidylinositol metabolism is modulated by epileptic discharges in human neocortex.Brain Res.481:200\u2013203.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"422357_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1992.tb02314.x","volume":"33","author":"F. Dubeau","year":"1992","unstructured":"Dubeau, F., Sherwin, A., Olivier, A., Villemure, J., Leblanc, R., Quesney, L.F., Andermann, E., and Andermann, F.1992.Excitatory amino acids modulate phosphoinositide signal transduction in human epileptic neocortex.Epilepsia33:255\u2013262.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"422357_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)90754-5","volume":"341","author":"M.J. During","year":"1993","unstructured":"During, M.J. and Spencer, D.D.1993.Extracellular hippocampal glutamate and spontaneous seizure in the conscious human brain.Lancet 341:1607\u20131610.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"422357_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2356","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1994.62062356.x","volume":"62","author":"M.J. During","year":"1994","unstructured":"During, M.J., Fried, I., Leone, P., Katz, A., and Spencer, D.D. 1994. Direct measurement of extracellular lactate in the human hippocampus during spontaneous seizures. J. Neurochem. 62:2356\u20132361.","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"422357_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/376174a0","volume":"376","author":"M.J. During","year":"1995","unstructured":"During, M.J., Ryder, K.M., and Spencer, D.D.1995.Hippocampal GABA transporter function in temporal-lobe epilepsy. Nature 376:174\u2013177.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"422357_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1958.tb12606.x","volume":"3","author":"K.A.C. Elliott","year":"1958","unstructured":"Elliott, K.A.C. and van Gelder, N.M.1958.Occlusion and metabolism of y-aminobutyric acid by brain tissue. J. Neurochem. 3:28\u201340.","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"422357_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1956.tb12071.x","volume":"1","author":"K.A.C. Elliott","year":"1956","unstructured":"Elliott, K.A.C. and Florey, E.1956.Factor I-Inhibitory factor from brain. J. Neurochem.1:181\u2013191.","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"422357_CR22","first-page":"33","volume":"62","author":"E. Florey","year":"1953","unstructured":"Florey, E.1953.An inhibitory and excitatory factor of mammalian central nervous system and their action on a single sensory neuron. Arch. internat. physiol. 62:33\u201353.","journal-title":"Arch. internat. physiol."},{"key":"422357_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1159\/000017334","volume":"20","author":"R. Gruetter","year":"1998","unstructured":"Gruetter, R., Seaquist, E.R., Kim, S., and Ugurbil, K.1998.Localized in vivo C-13-NMR of glutamate metabolism in the human brain-initial results at 4 tesla. Devel. Neurosci.20:380\u2013388.","journal-title":"Devel. Neurosci."},{"key":"422357_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02816125","volume":"9","author":"K.G. Haglid","year":"1994","unstructured":"Haglid, K.G., Wang, S., Qiner, Y., and Hamberger, A.1994.Excitotoxicity:Experimental correlates to human epilepsy. Mol.Neurobiol. 9:259\u2013263.","journal-title":"Mol.Neurobiol."},{"key":"422357_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(91)90044-G","volume":"9","author":"A. Hamberger","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hamberger, A., Nystrom, B., Larsson, S., Silfvenius, H., and Nordborg, C.1991.Amino acids in the neuronal microenvironment of focal human epileptic lesions.Epilepsy Res.9:32\u201343.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"422357_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00967256","volume":"18","author":"A. Hamberger","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hamberger, A., Haglid, K., Nystrom, B., and Silfvenius, H.1993.Co-variation of free amino acids in human epileptogenic cortex. Neurochem Res. 18:519\u2013525.","journal-title":"Neurochem Res."},{"key":"422357_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(94)00597-X","volume":"66","author":"A. Hashimoto","year":"1995","unstructured":"Hashimoto, A., Oka, T., and Nishikawa, T.1995.Extracellular concentration of endogenous free D-serine in the rat brain as revealed by in vivo microdialysis. Neurosci.66:635\u2013643.","journal-title":"Neurosci."},{"key":"422357_CR28","first-page":"341","volume":"74","author":"T.P. Hicks","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hicks, T.P., and Conti, F.1996.Amino acids as the source of considerable excitation in cerebral cortex. Can. J. Physiol. and Pharmacol.74:341\u2013361.","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. and Pharmacol."},{"key":"422357_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.11-02-00428.1991","volume":"11","author":"D.A. Hosford","year":"1991","unstructured":"Hosford, D.A., Grain, B.J., Cao, Z., Bonhaus, D.W., Friedman, A.H., Okazaki, M.M., Nadler, J.V., McNamara, J.O.1991.Increased AMPA-sensitive quisqualate receptor binding and reduced NMDA receptor binding in epileptic human hippocampus. J. Neurosci.11:428\u2013434.","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"422357_CR30","first-page":"223","volume":"7","author":"C.R. Houser","year":"1992","unstructured":"Houser, C.R.1992.Morphological changes in the dentate gyrus in human temporal lobe epilepsy.Epilepsy Res.Suppl.7:223\u2013234.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"issue":"150","key":"422357_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01076582","volume":"149\/","author":"Z. Iqbal","year":"1995","unstructured":"Iqbal, Z.1995.Excitatory amino acid receptor-mediated neuronal signal transduction:modulation by polyamines and calcium. Mol. & Cellular. Biochem. 149\/150:233\u2013240.","journal-title":"Mol. & Cellular. Biochem."},{"key":"422357_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00963991","volume":"9","author":"H.H. Jasper","year":"1984","unstructured":"Jasper, H.H.1984.The saga of K.A.C.Elliott and GABA. Neurochem Res. 9:449\u2013460.","journal-title":"Neurochem Res."},{"key":"422357_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1038\/326531b0","volume":"325","author":"J.W. Johnson","year":"1987","unstructured":"Johnson, J.W., and Ascher, P.1987.Glycine potentiates the NMDA response in cultured mouse brain neurons. Nature 325:531.","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"422357_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(95)01011-0","volume":"702","author":"W. Kamphuis","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kamphuis, W., Hendriksen, E., Lopes da Silva, F.H.1995.Isozyme specific changes in the expression of protein kinase C isozyme (a-c )genes in the hippocampus of rats induced by kindling epileptogenesis.Brain Res.702:94\u2013100.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"422357_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(88)90012-5","volume":"2","author":"S.J. Kish","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kish, S.J., Olivier, A., Dubeau, F., Robitaille, Y., and Sherwin, A.L.1988.Increased activity of choline acetyltransferase and acetylcholinesterase in actively epileptic human cerebral cortex: Epilepsy Res. 2:227\u2013231.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"422357_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.51.4.552","volume":"51","author":"S.J. Kish","year":"1988","unstructured":"Kish, S.J., Dixon, L.M., and Sherwin, A.L.1988.Aspartic acid aminotransferase activity is increased in actively spiking compared with non-spiking human epileptic cortex. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. & Psych.51:552\u2013556.","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. & Psych."},{"key":"422357_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"740","DOI":"10.1139\/y72-109","volume":"50","author":"I. Koyama","year":"1972","unstructured":"Koyama, I.1972.Amino acids in the cobalt-induced epileptogenic and nonepileptogenic cat's cortex. Can. J. Physiol. & Pharmacol.50:740\u2013752.","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. & Pharmacol."},{"key":"422357_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(99)00009-1","volume":"35","author":"J. Laschet","year":"1999","unstructured":"Laschet, J., Trottier, S., Leviel, V., Guibert, B., Bansard, J.-Y., Chauvel, P., and Bureau, M.1999.Heterogenous distribution of polyamines in temporal lobe epilepsy.Epilepsy Res. 35:161\u2013172.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"422357_CR39","volume-title":"Adv. Neurol.","author":"K.G. Lloyd","year":"1986","unstructured":"Lloyd, K.G., Bossi, L., Morselli, P.L., Munari, C., Rougier, M., and Loiseau, H.1986.Alterations of GABA-mediated synaptic transmission in human epilepsy. Pages 1033\u20131044, in Delgado-Esqueta, A.V., et al (eds.), Adv. Neurol. Vol 44, Raven Press, New York."},{"key":"422357_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/119.4.1327","volume":"19","author":"P. Marco","year":"1996","unstructured":"Marco, P., Sola, R.G., Pulido, P., Alijarde, M.T., Stachez, A., Cajal, S.R.Y., De Felipe, J.1996.Inhibitory interneurones in the human epileptogenic temporal cortex. An immunocytochemical study. Brain 19:1327\u20131347.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"422357_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.40.6.985","volume":"40","author":"P.M. Matthews","year":"1990","unstructured":"Matthews, P.M., Andermann, F., and Arnold, D.L.1990.A proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic study of focal epilepsy in humans. Neurology40:985\u2013989.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"422357_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410290513","volume":"29","author":"J.W. McDonald","year":"1991","unstructured":"McDonald, J.W., Garofalo, E.A., Hood, T., Sackellares, J.C., Oilman, S., McKeever, P.E., Troncoso, J.C., Johnston, M.V. 1991.Altered excitatory and inhibitory amino acid receptor binding in hippocampus of patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. Ann.Neurol.29:529\u2013541.","journal-title":"Ann.Neurol."},{"key":"422357_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2990.1997.tb01201.x","volume":"23","author":"B.S. Meldrum","year":"1997","unstructured":"Meldrum, B.S.1997.First Alfred Meyer Memorial Lecture-Epileptic brain damage-a consequence and a cause of seizures. Neuropath. & Appl. Neurobiol.23:185\u2013201.","journal-title":"Neuropath. & Appl. Neurobiol."},{"key":"422357_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-0186(94)00099-G","volume":"26","author":"M. Morari","year":"1995","unstructured":"Morari, M., Calo, G., Ferraro, L., Fabrizi, A., Acciarri, N., Piazza, G., Bianchi, C., and Beani, L.1995.AMPA receptor activation regulates the glutamate metabotropic receptor stimulated phosphatidylinositol turnover in human cerebral cortex slices: Neurochem Internal. 26:77\u201383.","journal-title":"Neurochem Internal."},{"key":"422357_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1994.00540180059014","volume":"51","author":"L.D. Morrison","year":"1994","unstructured":"Morrison, L.D., Sherwin, A.L., Carmant, L., and Kish, S.J. 1994.Activity of S-adenosylmethionine decarboxylase, a key regulatory enzyme in polyamine biosynthesis, is increased in epileptogenic human cortex. Arch Neurol.51:581\u2013584.","journal-title":"Arch Neurol."},{"issue":"Suppl.1","key":"422357_CR46","first-page":"106","volume":"37","author":"S. Nadi","year":"1987","unstructured":"Nadi, S., Wyler, A.R., Porter, R.J.1987.Amino acids and catecholamines in the epileptic focus from human brain. Abstract. Neurology 37 (Suppl.1):106.","journal-title":"Abstract. Neurology"},{"key":"422357_CR47","first-page":"121","volume":"61","author":"K.C. New","year":"1998","unstructured":"New, K.C., Gale, K., Martuza, R.L., and Rabkin, S.D.1998.Novel synthesis and release of GABA in cerebellar granule cell cultures after infection with defective herpes simplex virus vectors expressing glutamic acid hydroxylase.Mol.Brain Res. 61:121\u2013135.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"422357_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1528-1157.1997.tb01728.x","volume":"38","author":"R.W. Olsen","year":"1997","unstructured":"Olsen, R.W., and Avoli, M.1997.GABA and epileptogenesis. Epilepsia38:399\u2013407.","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"422357_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.31.7.872","volume":"31","author":"T.L. Perry","year":"1981","unstructured":"Perry, T.L., and Hansen, S.1981.Amino acid abnormalities in epileptogenic foci. Neurology31:872\u2013876.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"422357_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2399","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1996.67062399.x","volume":"67","author":"O.A.C. Petroff","year":"1996","unstructured":"Petroff, O.A.C., Behar, K.L., Mattson, R.H., and Rothman, D.L.1996.Human brain Y-aminobutyric acid levels and seizure control following initiation of vigabatrin therapy. J. Neurochem. 67:2399\u20132404.","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"422357_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410390114","volume":"39","author":"O.A.C. Petroff","year":"1996","unstructured":"Petroff, O.A.C., Rothman, D.L., Behar, K.L., Lamoureux, D., and Mattson, R.H.1996.The effect of gabapentin on brain gamma-aminobutyric acid in patients with epilepsy.Ann. Neurol. 39:95\u201399.","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"422357_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02740605","volume":"16","author":"O.A.C. Petroff","year":"1998","unstructured":"Petroff, O.A.C., and Rothman, D.L.1998.Measuring human brain GABA in vivo:effects of GABA-transaminase inhibition with vigabatrin. Mol.Neurobiol. 16:97\u2013121.","journal-title":"Mol.Neurobiol."},{"key":"422357_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1139\/y97-036","volume":"75","author":"D.A. Prince","year":"1997","unstructured":"Prince, D.A., Jacobs, K.M, Salin, P.A., Hoffman, S., and Parada, I.1997.Chronic focal neocortical epileptogenesis \u2013Does disinhibition play a role. Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol.75:500\u2013507.","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"422357_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1126\/science.125.3259.1200.b","volume":"125","author":"D.P. Purpura","year":"1957","unstructured":"Purpura, D.P., Girado, M., and Grundfest, H.1957.Selective blockade of excitatory synapses in the cat brain by gamma-aminobutyric acid. Science. 125:1200\u20131202.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"422357_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)50929-2","volume":"187","author":"E. Roberts","year":"1950","unstructured":"Roberts, E. and Frankel, S.1950.Gamma-aminobutyric acid in brain.Its formation from glutamic acid. J. Biol. Chem. 187:55\u201363.","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"422357_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1992.119","volume":"12","author":"E. Ronne-Engstrom","year":"1992","unstructured":"Ronne-Engstrom, E., Hillered, L., Flink, R., Spannare, B., Ungerstedt, U., and Carlson, H. 1992. Intracerebral micro-dialysis of extracellular amino acids in the human epileptic focus. J. Cer. Blood Flow &Metab.12:873\u2013876.","journal-title":"J. Cer. Blood Flow &Metab."},{"key":"422357_CR57","volume-title":"Neurotransmitters, seizures and epilepsy","author":"D. Schmidt","year":"1984","unstructured":"Schmidt, D., Gornaggia, C, and Loscher, W.1984.Comparative studies of the GABA system in neurosurgical brain specimens of epileptic and non-epileptic patients. Pages 275\u2013282, in Fariello, R.G., et al.(eds.) Neurotransmitters, seizures and epilepsy II,Raven Press, NY."},{"key":"422357_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/0197-0186(94)90092-2","volume":"24","author":"D.D. Schoepp","year":"1994","unstructured":"Schoepp, D.D.1994.Novel functions for subtypes of metabotropic glutamate receptors. Neurochem. Int.24:439\u2013449.","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"422357_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(95)00348-M","volume":"69","author":"C. Schwarzer","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schwarzer, C. and Sperk, G.1995.Hippocampal granule cells express glutamic acid decarboxylase-67 after limbic seizures in the rat. Neuroscience69:705\u2013709.","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"422357_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3948","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.92.9.3948","volume":"92","author":"M.J. Schell","year":"1995","unstructured":"Schell, M.J., Molliver, M.E., and Snyder, S.H.1995.D-serine an endogrenous synaptic modulator:localization to astrocyies and glutamate-stimulated release. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.92: 3948\u20133952.","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"422357_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.38.6.920","volume":"38","author":"A. Sherwin","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sherwin, A., Robitaille, Y., Quesney, F., Olivier, A., Villemure, J., Leblanc, R., Feindel, W., Andermann, E., Gotman, J., Andermann, F., Ethier, R., and Kish, S.1988.Excitatory amino acids are elevated in human epileptic cerebral cortex. Neurology38:920\u2013923.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"422357_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.34.7.927","volume":"34","author":"A. Sherwin","year":"1984","unstructured":"Sherwin, A., Quesney, F., Gauthier, S., Olivier, A., Robitaille, Y., McQuaid, P., Harvey, C., and van Gelder, N.1984.Enzyme changes in actively spiking areas of human epileptic cerebral cortex. Neurology34:927\u2013933.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"422357_CR63","volume-title":"Adv. Neurol.","author":"A.L. Sherwin","year":"1986","unstructured":"Sherwin, A.L., and van Gelder, N.M.1986.Amino acid and catecholamine markers of metabolic abnormalities in human focal epilepsy.Pages 1011\u20131032 in Delgado-Esqueta, A.V., et al (eds.), Adv. Neurol.Vol 44, Raven Press, NY."},{"key":"422357_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-1211(88)90035-6","volume":"2","author":"A.L. Sherwin","year":"1988","unstructured":"Sherwin, A.L.1988.Guide to neurochemical analysis of surgical specimens of human brain.Epilepsy Res.2:281\u2013288.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"issue":"Suppl.4","key":"422357_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100032868","volume":"18","author":"A.L. Sherwin","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sherwin, A.L., Vernet, O., Dubeau, F., and Olivier, A., 1991.Biochemical markers of excitability in human neocortex. Can. J.Neurol. Sci.18, (Suppl.4):640\u2013644.","journal-title":"Can. J.Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"422357_CR66","first-page":"321","volume":"20","author":"N.R. Sibson","year":"1998","unstructured":"Sibson, N.R., Shen, J., Mason, G.F., Rothman, D.L., Behar, K.L., and Shulman, R.G.1998.Functional energy metabolism-in vivo C-13-NMR spectroscopy evidence for coupling of cerebral glucose consumption and glutamatergic neuronal activity. Devel. Neurosci.20:321\u2013330.","journal-title":"Neurosci."},{"key":"422357_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.41.4.562","volume":"41","author":"M.R.J. Sivenius","year":"1991","unstructured":"Sivenius, M.R.J., Ylinen, A., Murros, K., Mumford, J.P., and Riekkinen, P.J.1991.Vigabatrin in drug-resistant partial epilepsy:a 5-year follow up study. Neurology41:562\u2013565.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"422357_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tower, D.B.1960.Neurochemistry of Epilepsy:Seizure Mechanisms and their Management.Charles C.Thomas, Springfield.","DOI":"10.1097\/00007611-196012000-00041"},{"key":"422357_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(72)90402-7","volume":"43","author":"N.M. Van Gelder","year":"1972","unstructured":"Van Gelder, N.M., and Courtois, A.1972.Close correlation between changing content of specific amino acids in epileptogenic cortex of cats and severity of epilepsy.Brain Res.43: 477\u2013484.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"422357_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(72)90141-2","volume":"40","author":"N.M. Van Gelder","year":"1972","unstructured":"Van Gelder, N.M., Sherwin, A.L., and Rasmussen, T., 1972.Amino acid content of epileptogenic human brain:focal versus surrounding regions.Brain Res.40:385\u2013393.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"422357_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(75)90063-3","volume":"94","author":"N.M. Van Gelder","year":"1975","unstructured":"Van Gelder, N.M., Sherwin, A.L., Sacks, C., and Andermann, F., 1975, Biochemical observations following administration of taurine to patients with epilepsy.Brain Res.94:297\u2013306.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"422357_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1958.tb12620.x","volume":"3","author":"N.M. Van Gelder","year":"1958","unstructured":"Van Gelder, N.M., and Elliott, K.A.C., 1958.Disposition of y-aminobutyric acid administered to mammals. J. Neurochem. 3:139\u2013143.","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"422357_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(91)90978-5","volume":"547","author":"O. Vernet","year":"1991","unstructured":"Vernet, O., Yong, V.Y., Rostworowski, K., Fadich, M., Olivier, A., and Sherwin, A.L.1991.Protein kinase C activity and intracellular distribution in surgically excised human epileptic neocortex.Brain Res.547:319\u2013322.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"422357_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(90)90340-C","volume":"187","author":"J. Wardas","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wardas, J., Graham, J., and Gale, K.1990.Evidence for a role of glycine in area tempestas for triggering convulsive seizures. Europ. J. Pharmacol. 187:59\u201366.","journal-title":"Europ. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"422357_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-1211(96)00057-5","volume":"26","author":"C.L. Wilson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wilson, C.L., Maidment, N.T., Shomer, M.H., Behnke, E.J., Ackerson, L., Fried, I., and Engel, J.1996.Comparison of seizure related amino acid release in human epileptic hippocampus versus a chronic kainate rat model of hippocampal epilepsy.Epilepsy Res.26:245\u2013254.","journal-title":"Epilepsy Res."},{"key":"422357_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S135","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410160720","volume":"16","author":"D.M. Woodbury","year":"1984","unstructured":"Woodbury, D.M., Engslrom, F.L., White, H.S., Chen, C.F., Kemp, J.W., and Chow, S.Y.1984.Ionic and acid base regulation of neurons and glia during seizures.Ann Neurol 16: S135-S144","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"key":"422357_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3952","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.15-05-03952.1995","volume":"15","author":"F. Zafra","year":"1995","unstructured":"Zafra, F., Aragon, C., Olivares, L., Danbolt, N.C., Gimenez, C., and Storm-Mathisen, J.1995.Glycine transporters are differentially expressed among CNS cells.J. Neurosci.15:3952\u20133969.","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."}],"container-title":["Neurochemical Research"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1022580506443.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1022580506443\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1022580506443.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T09:19:15Z","timestamp":1749719955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1023\/A:1022580506443"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,11]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,11]]}},"alternative-id":["422357"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1022580506443","relation":{},"ISSN":["0364-3190","1573-6903"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0364-3190","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6903","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,11]]}}}