{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T18:03:32Z","timestamp":1791914612463,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4-5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,1]],"date-time":"2003-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1064966400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,1]],"date-time":"2003-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1064966400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Cell Mol Neurobiol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]},"DOI":"10.1023\/a:1025067912199","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,9,16]],"date-time":"2003-09-16T22:24:47Z","timestamp":1063751087000},"page":"519-526","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":84,"title":["Brainstem in Multiple System Atrophy: Clinicopathological Correlations"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Eduardo E.","family":"Benarroch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,10,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"467233_CR1","first-page":"517","volume-title":"Clinical Autonomic Disorders: Evaluation and Management","author":"R. Bannister","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bannister, R. (1993). Multiple system atrophy and pure autonomic failure. In Low, P. A. (ed.), Clinical Autonomic Disorders: Evaluation and Management, Little, Brown, Boston, pp. 517\u2013526."},{"key":"467233_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/104.2.351","volume":"104","author":"R. Bannister","year":"1981","unstructured":"Bannister, R., Gibson, W., Michaels, L., and Oppenheimer, D. R. (1981). Laryngeal abductor paralysis in multiple system atrophy. A report on three necropsied cases, with observations on the laryngeal muscles and the nucleus ambiguus. Brain\n104:351\u2013368.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"467233_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.54.4.963","volume":"54","author":"E. E. Benarroch","year":"2000","unstructured":"Benarroch, E. E., Schmeichel, A. M., and Parisi, J. E. (2000). Involvement of the ventrolaterol medulla in Parkinsonism with autonomic failure. Neurology\n54:963\u2013968.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"467233_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.1258","volume":"50","author":"E. E. Benarroch","year":"2001","unstructured":"Benarroch, E. E., and Schmeichel, A. M. (2001). Depletion of corticotrophin-releasing factor neurons in the pontine micturition area in multiple system atrophy. Ann. Neurol. 50:640\u2013645.","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol"},{"key":"467233_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S1566-0702(00)00276-9","volume":"87","author":"E. E. Benarroch","year":"2001","unstructured":"Benarroch, E. E., Schmeichel, A. M., and Parisi, J. E. (2001). Depletion of cholinergic neurons of the medullary arcuate nucleus in multiple system atrophy. Auton. Neurosci. 87:293\u2013299.","journal-title":"Auton. Neurosci"},{"key":"467233_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"944","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.59.6.944","volume":"59","author":"E. E. Benarroch","year":"2002","unstructured":"Benarroch, E. E., Schmeichel, A. M., and Parisi, J. E. (2002). Depletion of mesopontine cholinergic and sparing of raphe neurons in multiple system atrophy. Neurology\n59:944\u2013946.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"467233_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410430205","volume":"43","author":"E. E. Benarroch","year":"1998","unstructured":"Benarroch, E. E., Smithson, I. L., Low, P. A., and Parisi, J. E. (1998). Depletion of catecholaminergic neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla in multiple systems atrophy with autonomic failure. Ann. Neurol. 43:156\u2013163.","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol"},{"key":"467233_CR8","volume-title":"The Lower Brainstem and Bodily Homeostasis","author":"W. W. Blessing","year":"1997","unstructured":"Blessing, W. W. (1997). The Lower Brainstem and Bodily Homeostasis, Oxford University Press, New York."},{"key":"467233_CR9","first-page":"301","volume-title":"Cardiogenic Reflexes","author":"W. W. Blessing","year":"1987","unstructured":"Blessing, W. W., and Willoughby, J. O. (1987). Central neural pathways mediating baroreceptor-initiated secretion of vasopressin. In Hainsworth, R., McWilliam, P. N., and Mary Das (eds.), Cardiogenic Reflexes, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 301\u2013317."},{"key":"467233_CR10","first-page":"245","volume-title":"Neurology of Bladder, Bowel, and Sexual Dysfunction","author":"V. A. Chandiramani","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chandiramani, V. A., and Fowler, C. J. (1999). Urogenital disorders in Parkinson's disease and multiple system atrophy. In Fowler, C. J. (ed.), Neurology of Bladder, Bowel, and Sexual Dysfunction, Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, pp. 245\u2013254."},{"key":"467233_CR11","first-page":"432","volume-title":"Autonomic Failure","author":"S. Chokroverty","year":"1988","unstructured":"Chokroverty, S. (1988). Sleep apnoea and respiratory disturbances in multiple system atrophy with autonomic failure. In Bannister, R. (ed.), Autonomic Failure, Oxford Medical Publications, Oxford, pp. 432\u2013450."},{"key":"467233_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R1020","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.1989.257.5.C1020","volume":"257","author":"T. A. Day","year":"1989","unstructured":"Day, T. A., and Sibbald, J. R. (1989). A1 cell group mediates solitary nucleus excitation of supraoptic vasopressin cells. Am. J. Physiol. 257:R1020-R1026.","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol"},{"key":"467233_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902930308","volume":"293","author":"J. J. Filiano","year":"1990","unstructured":"Filiano, J. J., Choi, J. C., and Kinney, H. C. (1990). Candidate cell populations for respiratory chemosensitive fields in the human infant medulla. J. Comp. Neurol. 293:448\u2013465.","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol"},{"key":"467233_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410330405","volume":"33","author":"W. P. Gai","year":"1993","unstructured":"Gai, W. P., Geffen, L. B., Denoroy, L., and Blessing, W. W. (1993). Loss of C1 and C3 epinephrine-synthesizing neurons in the medulla oblongata in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 33:357\u2013367.","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol"},{"key":"467233_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(98)00304-9","volume":"163","author":"S. Gilman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Gilman, S., Low, P. A., Quinn, N., Albanese, A., Ben-Shlomo, Y., Fowler, C. J., Kaufmann, H., Klockgether, T., Lang, A. E., Lantos, P. L., Litvan, I., Mathias, C. J., Oliver, E., Robertson, D., Schatz, I., and Wenning, G. K. (1999). Consensus statement on the diagnosis of multiple system atrophy. J. Neurol. Sci. 163:94\u201398.","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci"},{"key":"467233_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"696","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199703063361004","volume":"336","author":"D. S. Goldstein","year":"1997","unstructured":"Goldstein, D. S., Holmes, C., Cannon, R. O., III, Eisenhofer, G., and Kopin, I. J. (1997). Sympathetic cardioneuropathy in dysautonomias. N. Engl. J. Med. 336:696\u2013702.","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med"},{"key":"467233_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2076","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1994.76.5.2076","volume":"76","author":"D. Gozal","year":"1994","unstructured":"Gozal, D., Hathout, G. M., Kirlew, K. A. T., Tang, H., Woo, M. S., Zhang, J., Lufkin, R. B., and Harper, R. M. (1994). Localization of putative neural respiratory regions in the human by functional magnetic resonance imaging. J. Appl. Physiol. 76:2076\u20132083.","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol"},{"key":"467233_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0079-6123(08)61862-2","volume":"107","author":"P. G. Guyenet","year":"1996","unstructured":"Guyenet, P. G., Koshiya, N., Huangfu, D., Baraban, S. C., Stornetta, R. L., and Li, Y. W. (1996). Role of medulla oblongata in generation of sympathetic and vagal outflows. Prog. Brain Res. 107:127\u2013144.","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res"},{"key":"467233_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(90)90733-R","volume":"510","author":"G. M. Halliday","year":"1990","unstructured":"Halliday, G. M., Blumbergs, P. C., Cotton, R. G., Blessing, W. W., and Geffen, L. B. (1990). Loss of brainstem serotonin-and substance P-containing neurons in Parkinson's disease. Brain Res. 510:104\u2013107.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"467233_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1016\/0959-4388(92)90130-D","volume":"2","author":"J. A. Hobson","year":"1992","unstructured":"Hobson, J. A. (1992). Sleep and dreaming: Induction and mediation of REM sleep by cholinergic mechanisms. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2:759\u2013763.","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol"},{"key":"467233_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.902500404","volume":"250","author":"G. Holstege","year":"1986","unstructured":"Holstege, G., Griffiths, D., de Wall, H., and Dalm, E. (1986). Anatomical and physiological observations on supraspinal control of bladder and urethral sphincter muscles in the cat. J. Comp. Neurol. 250:449\u2013461.","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol"},{"key":"467233_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(93)91318-M","volume":"603","author":"C. Iadecola","year":"1993","unstructured":"Iadecola, C., Faris, P. L., Hartman, B. K., and Xu, X. (1993). Localization of NADPH diaphorase in neurons of the rostral ventral medulla: Possible role of nitric oxide in central autonomic regulation and oxygen chemoreception. Brain Res. 603:173\u2013179.","journal-title":"Brain Res"},{"key":"467233_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.2001.t01-1-00237.x","volume":"536","author":"S. Isono","year":"2001","unstructured":"Isono, S., Shiba, K., Yamaguchi, M., Tanaka, A., Hattori, T., Konno, A., and Nishino, T. (2001). Pathogenesis of laryngeal narrowing in patients with multiple system atrophy. J. Physiol. 536:237\u2013249.","journal-title":"J. Physiol"},{"key":"467233_CR24","first-page":"213","volume":"19","author":"E. Isozaki","year":"2000","unstructured":"Isozaki, E., Matsubara, S., Hayashida, T., Oda, M., and Hirai, S. (2000). Morphometric study of nucleus ambiguus in multiple system atrophy presenting with vocal cord abductor paralysis. Clin. Neuropathol. 19:213\u2013220.","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropathol"},{"key":"467233_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S86","DOI":"10.1016\/0303-8467(92)90033-Y","volume":"94","author":"K. A. Jellinger","year":"1992","unstructured":"Jellinger, K. A., and Paulus, W. (1992). Clinico-pathological correlations in Parkinson's disease. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 94:S86-S88.","journal-title":"Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg"},{"key":"467233_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.42.3.590","volume":"42","author":"H. Kaufmann","year":"1992","unstructured":"Kaufmann, H., Oribe, E., Miller, M., Knott, P., Wiltshire Clement, M., and Yahr, M. D. (1992). Hypotension-induced vasopressin release distinguishes between pure autonomic failure and multiple system atrophy with autonomic failure. Neurology\n42:590\u2013593.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"467233_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1446","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7660131","volume":"269","author":"H. C. Kinney","year":"1995","unstructured":"Kinney, H. C., Filiano, J. J., Sleeper, L. A., Mandell, F., Valdes-Dapena, M., and White, W. F. (1995). Decreased muscarinic receptor binding in the arcuate nucleus in sudden infant death syndrome. Science\n269:1446\u20131450.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"467233_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1097\/00005072-199812000-00001","volume":"57","author":"P. L. Lantos","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lantos, P. L. (1998). The definition of multiple system atrophy: A review of recent developments. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 57:1099\u20131111.","journal-title":"J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol"},{"key":"467233_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195051063.003.0005","volume-title":"Central Regulation of Autonomic Functions","author":"A. D. Loewy","year":"1990","unstructured":"Loewy, A. D., and Spyer, K. M. (1990). Vagal preganglionic neurons. In Loewy, A. D., and Spyer, K. M. (eds.), Central Regulation of Autonomic Functions, Oxford University Press, New York, pp. 68\u201387."},{"key":"467233_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.58.4.649","volume":"58","author":"I. M. Merlo","year":"2002","unstructured":"Merlo, I. M., Occhini, A., Pacchetti, C., and Alfonsi, E. (2002). Not paralysis, but dystonia causes stridor in multiple system atrophy. Neurology\n58:649\u2013652.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"467233_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-510X(97)00101-9","volume":"151","author":"K. Noda","year":"1997","unstructured":"Noda, K., Katayama, S., Watanabe, C., Yamamura, Y., and Nakamura, S. (1997). Decrease of neurons in the medullary arcuate nucleus of multiple system atrophy: Quantitative comparison with Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. J. Neurol. Sci. 151:89\u201391.","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci"},{"key":"467233_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(80)90064-7","volume":"46","author":"D. R. Oppenheimer","year":"1980","unstructured":"Oppenheimer, D. R. (1980). Lateral horn cells in progressive autonomic failure. J. Neurol. Sci. 46:393\u2013404.","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci"},{"key":"467233_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(89)90219-0","volume":"94","author":"M. I. Papp","year":"1989","unstructured":"Papp, M. I., Kahn, J. E., and Lantos, P. L. (1989). Glial cytoplasmic inclusions in the CNS of patients with multiple system atrophy (striatonigral degeneration, olivopontocerebellar atrophy and Shy\u2013Drager syndrome). J. Neurol. Sci. 94:79\u2013100.","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci"},{"key":"467233_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.64.5.683","volume":"64","author":"G. Plazzi","year":"1998","unstructured":"Plazzi, G., Cortelli, P., Montagna, P., De Monte, A., Corsini, R., Contin, M., Provini, F., Pierangeli, G., and Lugaresi, E. (1998). REM sleep behaviour disorder differentiates pure autonomic failure from multiple system atrophy with autonomic failure. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry\n64:683\u2013685.","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"467233_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/106.2.503","volume":"106","author":"R. Puritz","year":"1983","unstructured":"Puritz, R., Lightman, S. L., Wilcox, C. S., Forsling, M., and Bannister, R. (1983). Blood pressure and vasopressin in progressive autonomic failure. Response to postural stimulation, L-dopa and naloxone. Brain\n106:503\u2013511.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"467233_CR36","first-page":"93","volume":"139","author":"K. Sakai","year":"2001","unstructured":"Sakai, K., Crochet, S., and Onoe, H. (2001). Pontine structures and mechanisms involved in the generation of paradoxical (REM) sleep. Arch. Ital. Biol. 139:93\u2013107.","journal-title":"Arch. Ital. Biol"},{"key":"467233_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410290602","volume":"29","author":"C. B. Saper","year":"1991","unstructured":"Saper, C. B., Sorrentino, D. M., German, D. C., and de Lacalle, S. (1991). Medullary catecholaminergic neurons in the normal human brain and in Parkinson's disease. Ann. Neurol. 29:577\u2013584.","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol"},{"key":"467233_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1683005","volume":"254","author":"J. C. Smith","year":"1991","unstructured":"Smith, J. C., Ellenberger, H. H., Ballanyi, K., Richter, D. W., and Feldman, J. L. (1991). Pre-B\u00f6tzinger complex: A brainstem region that may generate respiratory rhythm in mammals. Science\n254:726\u2013729.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"467233_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1994.sp019997","volume":"474","author":"K. M. Spyer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Spyer, K. M. (1994). Annual Review Prize Lecture: Central nervous mechanisms contributing to cardiovascular control. J. Physiol. 474:1\u201319.","journal-title":"J. Physiol"},{"key":"467233_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.5.900","volume":"43","author":"T. Thomaides","year":"1993","unstructured":"Thomaides, T., Bleasdale-Barr, K., Chaudhuri, K. R., Pavitt, D., Marsden, C. D., and Mathias, C. J. (1993). Cardiovascular and hormonal responses to liquid food challenge in idiopathic Parkinson's disease, multiple system atrophy, and pure autonomic failure. Neurology\n43:1181\u20131187.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"467233_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.903630306","volume":"363","author":"R. J. Valentino","year":"1995","unstructured":"Valentino, R. J., Pavcovich, L. A., and Hirata, H. (1995). Evidence for corticotropin-releasing hormone projections from Barrington's nucleus to the periaqueductal gray and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 363:402\u2013422.","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol"},{"key":"467233_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.1169","volume":"434","author":"H. Wang","year":"2001","unstructured":"Wang, H., Stornetta, R. L., Rosin, D. L., and Guyenet, P. G. (2001). Neurokinin-1 receptor-immunoreactive neurons of the ventral respiratory group in the rat. J. Comp. Neurol. 434:128\u2013146.","journal-title":"J. Comp. Neurol"}],"container-title":["Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1025067912199.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1025067912199\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/www.springerlink.com\/index\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1025067912199","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1025067912199.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,6]],"date-time":"2025-07-06T17:28:45Z","timestamp":1751822925000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1023\/A:1025067912199"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4-5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]}},"alternative-id":["467233"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1025067912199","relation":{},"ISSN":["0272-4340","1573-6830"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0272-4340","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-6830","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2003,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 October 2003","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}