{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,5]],"date-time":"2026-04-05T09:07:36Z","timestamp":1775380056649,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,1]],"date-time":"2002-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1009843200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2002,1,1]],"date-time":"2002-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1009843200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Computational Optimization and Applications"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]},"DOI":"10.1023\/a:1013500812258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,12,23]],"date-time":"2002-12-23T16:58:59Z","timestamp":1040662739000},"page":"5-20","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":466,"title":["A Survey of Optimization by Building and Using Probabilistic Models"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Martin","family":"Pelikan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Goldberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]},{"given":"Fernando G.","family":"Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[]}],"member":"297","reference":[{"key":"390814_CR1","series-title":"Tech. Rep.","volume-title":"Population-based incremental learning: A method for integrating genetic search based function optimization and competitive learning","author":"S. Baluja","year":"1994","unstructured":"S. Baluja, \u201cPopulation-based incremental learning: A method for integrating genetic search based function optimization and competitive learning,\u201d Tech. Rep. No. CMU-CS-94-163, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 1994."},{"key":"390814_CR2","unstructured":"S. Baluja and S. Davies, \u201cUsing optimal dependency-trees for combinatorial optimization: Learning the structure of the search space,\u201d in Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Machine Learning, 1997, pp. 30\u201338."},{"key":"390814_CR3","unstructured":"P.A. Bosman, \u201cContinuous iterated density estimation evolutionary algorithms within the IDEA framework,\u201d Personal communication, 2000."},{"key":"390814_CR4","unstructured":"P.A.N. Bosman and D. Thierens, \u201cLinkage information processing in distribution estimation algorithms,\u201d in Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference GECCO-99, Orlando, FL, W. Banzhaf, J. Daida, A.E. Eiben, M.H. Garzon, V. Honavar, M. Jakiela, and R.E. Smith (Eds.), 1999, vol. I, pp. 60\u201367."},{"key":"390814_CR5","unstructured":"J.S. De Bonet, C.L. Isbell, and P. Viola, \u201cMIMIC: Finding optima by estimating probability densities,\u201d in Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems, M.C. Mozer, M.I. Jordan, and T. Petsche (Eds.), 1997, vol. 9, p. 424."},{"key":"390814_CR6","first-page":"115","volume":"9","author":"K. Deb","year":"1995","unstructured":"K. Deb and R.B. Agrawal, \u201cSimulated binary crossover for continuous search space,\u201d Complex Systems, vol. 9, pp. 115\u2013148, 1995.","journal-title":"Complex Systems"},{"key":"390814_CR7","first-page":"233","volume":"71B","author":"J. Edmonds","year":"1967","unstructured":"J. Edmonds, \u201cOptimum branching,\u201d J. Res. NBS, vol. 71B, pp. 233\u2013240, 1967.","journal-title":"J. Res. NBS"},{"key":"390814_CR8","volume-title":"Foundations of Genetic Algorithms Workshop (FOGA-92)","author":"L.J. Eshelman","year":"1992","unstructured":"L.J. Eshelman and J.D. Schaffer, \u201cReal-coded genetic algorithms and interval-schemata,\u201d in Foundations of Genetic Algorithms Workshop (FOGA-92), D. Whitley (Ed.), Vail; Colorado, 1992."},{"key":"390814_CR9","unstructured":"R. Etxeberria and P. Larra\u00f1aga, \u201cGlobal optimization using Bayesian networks,\u201d in Second Symposium on Artificial Intelligence (CIMAF-99), Habana, Cuba, 1999, pp. 332\u2013339."},{"key":"390814_CR10","unstructured":"M. Gallagher, M. Frean, and T. Downs, \u201cReal-valued evolutionary optimization using a flexible probability density estimator,\u201d in Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference, W. Banzhaf, J. Daida, A.E. Eiben, M.H. Garzon, V. Honavar, M. Jakiela, and R.E. Smith (Eds.), Orlando, Florida, USA, 1999, vol. 1, pp. 840\u2013846."},{"key":"390814_CR11","volume-title":"Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning","author":"D.E. Goldberg","year":"1989","unstructured":"D.E. Goldberg, Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization, and Machine Learning, Addison-Wesley: Reading, MA, 1989."},{"key":"390814_CR12","series-title":"IlliGAL Report","volume-title":"Genetic and evolutionary algorithms in the real world","author":"D.E. Goldberg","year":"1999","unstructured":"D.E. Goldberg, \u201cGenetic and evolutionary algorithms in the real world,\u201d University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory, Urbana, IlliGAL Report No. 99013, 1999."},{"key":"390814_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S. Handley, \u201cOn the use of a directed acyclic graph to represent a population of computer programs,\u201d in Proceedings of the First IEEE Conference on Evolutionary Computation, Piscataway, NJ, 1994, pp. 154\u2013159.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEC.1994.350024"},{"key":"390814_CR14","series-title":"IlliGAL Report","volume-title":"Linkage learning via probabilistic modeling in the ECGA","author":"G. Harik","year":"1999","unstructured":"G. Harik, \u201cLinkage learning via probabilistic modeling in the ECGA,\u201d University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory, Urbana, IL, IlliGAL Report No. 99010, 1999."},{"key":"390814_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G. Harik, E. Cant\u00fa-Paz, D.E. Goldberg, and B.L. Miller, \u201cThe gambler's ruin problem, genetic algorithms, and the sizing of populations,\u201d in Proceedings of the International Conference on Evolutionary Computation (ICEC'97), Piscataway, NJ, 1997, pp. 7\u201312.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEC.1997.592259"},{"key":"390814_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"G.R. Harik, F.G. Lobo, and D.E. Goldberg, \u201cThe compact genetic algorithm,\u201d in Proceedings of the International Conference on Evolutionary Computation (ICEC'98), Piscataway, NJ, 1998, pp. 523\u2013528.","DOI":"10.1109\/ICEC.1998.700083"},{"key":"390814_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D. Heckerman, D. Geiger, and M. Chickering, \u201cLearning Bayesian networks: The combination of knowledge and statistical data,\u201d Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, Technical Report MSR-TR-94-09, 1994.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-55860-332-5.50042-0"},{"key":"390814_CR18","volume-title":"Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems","author":"J.H. Holland","year":"1975","unstructured":"J.H. Holland, Adaptation in Natural and Artificial Systems, University of Michigan Press: Ann Arbor, MI, 1975."},{"key":"390814_CR19","series-title":"IlliGAL Report","volume-title":"OMEGA\u2014Ordering messy GA: Solving permutation problems with the fast messy genetic algorithm and random keys","author":"D. Knjazew","year":"2000","unstructured":"D. Knjazew and D.E. Goldberg, \u201cOMEGA\u2014Ordering messy GA: Solving permutation problems with the fast messy genetic algorithm and random keys,\u201d University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory, Urbana, IL, IlliGAL Report No. 2000004, 2000."},{"key":"390814_CR20","volume-title":"Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection","author":"J.R. Koza","year":"1992","unstructured":"J.R. Koza, Genetic Programming: On the Programming of Computers by Means of Natural Selection, The MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, 1992."},{"key":"390814_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1214\/aoms\/1177729694","volume":"22","author":"S. Kullback","year":"1951","unstructured":"S. Kullback and R.A. Leibler, \u201cOn information and sufficiency,\u201d Annals of Math. Stats., vol. 22, pp. 79\u201386, 1951.","journal-title":"Annals of Math. Stats."},{"key":"390814_CR22","first-page":"773","volume":"6","author":"V. Kvasnicka","year":"1996","unstructured":"V. Kvasnicka, M. Pelikan, and J. Pospichal, \u201cHill climbing with learning (an abstraction of genetic algorithm),\u201d Neural Network World, vol. 6, pp. 773\u2013796, 1996.","journal-title":"Neural Network World"},{"key":"390814_CR23","volume-title":"Nonparametric and Distribution-Free Methods for the Social Sciences","author":"L.A. Marascuilo","year":"1977","unstructured":"L.A. Marascuilo and M. McSweeney, Nonparametric and Distribution-Free Methods for the Social Sciences, Brooks\/Cole Publishing Company: CA, 1977."},{"key":"390814_CR24","volume-title":"Machine Learning","author":"T.M. Mitchell","year":"1997","unstructured":"T.M. Mitchell, Machine Learning, McGraw-Hill: New York, 1997."},{"issue":"3","key":"390814_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.1997.5.3.303","volume":"5","author":"H. M\u00fchlenbein","year":"1997","unstructured":"H. M\u00fchlenbein, \u201cThe equation for response to selection and its use for prediction,\u201d Evolutionary Computation, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 303\u2013346, 1997.","journal-title":"Evolutionary Computation"},{"issue":"1","key":"390814_CR26","first-page":"19","volume":"7","author":"H. M\u00fchlenbein","year":"1998","unstructured":"H. M\u00fchlenbein and T. Mahnig, \u201cConvergence theory and applications of the factorized distribution algorithm,\u201d Journal of Computing and Information Technology, vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 19\u201332, 1998.","journal-title":"Journal of Computing and Information Technology"},{"issue":"4","key":"390814_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1162\/evco.1999.7.4.353","volume":"7","author":"H. M\u00fchlenbein","year":"1999","unstructured":"H. M\u00fchlenbein and T. Mahnig \u201cFDA\u2014A scalable evolutionary algorithm for the optimization of additively decomposed functions,\u201d Evolutionary Computation, vol. 7, no. 4, pp. 353\u2013376, 1999.","journal-title":"Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"390814_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009689913453","volume":"5","author":"H. M\u00fchlenbein","year":"1999","unstructured":"H.M\u00fchlenbein, T. Mahnig, and A.O. Rodriguez, \u201cSchemata, distributions and graphical models in evolutionary optimization,\u201d Journal of Heuristics, vol. 5, pp. 215\u2013247, 1999.","journal-title":"Journal of Heuristics"},{"key":"390814_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"H. M\u00fchlenbein and G. Paa\u00df, \u201cFrom recombination of genes to the estimation of distributions I. Binary parameters,\u201d in Parallel Problem Solving from Nature\u2014PPSN IV, Berlin, A. Eiben, T. B\u00e4ck, M. Shoenauer, and H. Schwefel (Eds.), 1996, pp. 178\u2013187.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-61723-X_982"},{"key":"390814_CR30","unstructured":"I. Ono and S. Kobayashi, \u201cA real-coded genetic algorithm for function optimization using unimodal normal distribution crossovers,\u201d in Proceedings of the Seventh International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, San Francisco, T. B\u00e4ck (Ed.), 1997, pp. 246\u2013253."},{"key":"390814_CR31","series-title":"IlliGAL Report","volume-title":"Linkage problem, distribution estimation, and Bayesian networks","author":"M. Pelikan","year":"1998","unstructured":"M. Pelikan, D.E. Goldberg, and E. Cant\u00fa-Paz, \u201cLinkage problem, distribution estimation, and Bayesian networks,\u201d University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory, Urbana, IL, IlliGAL Report No. 98013, 1998."},{"key":"390814_CR32","unstructured":"M. Pelikan, D.E. Goldberg, and E. Cant\u00fa-Paz, \u201cBOA: The Bayesian optimization algorithms,\u201d in Proceedings of the Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference GECCO-99, Orlando, FL, W. Banzhaf, J. Daida, A.E. Eiben, M.H. Garzon, V. Honavar, M. Jakiela, and R.E. Smith (Eds.), 1999, vol. I, pp. 525\u2013532."},{"key":"390814_CR33","series-title":"IlliGAL Report","volume-title":"Bayesian optimization algorithm, population sizing, and time to convergence","author":"M. Pelikan","year":"2000","unstructured":"M. Pelikan, D.E. Goldberg, and E.Cant\u00fa-Paz, \u201cBayesian optimization algorithm, population sizing, and time to convergence,\u201d University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory, Urbana, IL, IlliGAL Report No. 2000001, 2000."},{"key":"390814_CR34","series-title":"IlliGAL Report","volume-title":"Hierarchical problem solving by the Bayesian optimization algorithms","author":"M. Pelikan","year":"2000","unstructured":"M. Pelikan, D.E. Goldberg, and E. Cant\u00fa-Paz, \u201cHierarchical problem solving by the Bayesian optimization algorithms,\u201d University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory, Urbana, IL, IlliGAL Report No. 2000002, 2000."},{"issue":"3","key":"390814_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1162\/106365600750078808","volume":"8","author":"M. Pelikan","year":"2000","unstructured":"M. Pelikan, D.E. Goldberg, and E.Cant\u00fa-Paz, \u201cLinkage problem, distribution estimation, and Bayesian networks,\u201d Evolutionary Computation, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 311\u2013341, 2000.","journal-title":"Evolutionary Computation"},{"key":"390814_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Pelikan and H. M\u00fchlenbein, \u201cThe bivariate marginal distribution algorithm,\u201d in Advances in Soft Computing\u2014Engineering Design and Manufacturing, London, R. Roy, T. Furuhashi, and P.K. Chawdhry (Eds.), 1999, pp. 521\u2013535.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4471-0819-1_39"},{"key":"390814_CR37","volume-title":"Evolutionsstrategie: Optimierung technischer Systeme nach Prinzipien der biologischen Evolution","author":"I. Rechenberg","year":"1973","unstructured":"I. Rechenberg, Evolutionsstrategie: Optimierung technischer Systeme nach Prinzipien der biologischen Evolution, Frommann-Holzboog: Stuttgart, 1973."},{"key":"390814_CR38","series-title":"IlliGAL Report","volume-title":"Bad codings and the utility of well-designed genetic algorithms","author":"F. Rothlauf","year":"2000","unstructured":"F. Rothlauf, D.E. Goldberg, and A. Heinzl, \u201cBad codings and the utility of well-designed genetic algorithms,\u201d University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Illinois Genetic Algorithms Laboratory, Urbana, IL, IlliGAL Report No. 200007, 2000."},{"key":"390814_CR39","unstructured":"S. Rudlof and M. K\u00f6ppen, \u201cStochastic hill climbing with learning by vectors of normal distributions,\u201d in First On-line Workshop on Soft Computing, Nagoya, Japan, 1996."},{"key":"390814_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.P. Salustowicz and J. Schmidhuber, \u201cProbabilistic incremental program evolution: Stochastic search through program space,\u201d in Machine Learning: ECML-97, M. van Someren and G. Widmer (Eds.), vol. 1224 of Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence, 1997, pp. 213\u2013220.","DOI":"10.1007\/3-540-62858-4_86"},{"key":"390814_CR41","unstructured":"J. Schwarz and J. Ocenasek, \u201cExperimental study: Hypergraph partitioning based on the simple and advanced algorithms BMDA and BOA,\u201d in Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference on Soft Computing, Brno, Czech Republic, 1999, pp. 124\u2013130."},{"key":"390814_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"M. Sebag and A. Ducoulombier, \u201cExtending population-based incremental learning to continuous search spaces,\u201d in Parallel Problem Solving from Nature\u2014PPSN V, Berlin Heidelberg, 1998, pp. 418\u2013427.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0056884"},{"key":"390814_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"I. Servet, L. Trave-Massuyes, and D. Stern, \u201cTelephone network traffic overloading diagnosis and evolutionary computation techniques,\u201d in Proceedings of the Third European Conference on Artificial Evolution (AE'97), NY, G. Goos, J. Hartmanis, and J. Leeuwen (Eds.), 1997, pp. 137\u2013144.","DOI":"10.1007\/BFb0026596"},{"key":"390814_CR44","first-page":"55","volume":"7","author":"R. Shachter","year":"1987","unstructured":"R. Shachter and D. Heckerman, \u201cThinking backwards for knowledge acquisition,\u201d AI Magazine, vol. 7, pp. 55\u201361, 1987.","journal-title":"AI Magazine"},{"key":"390814_CR45","volume-title":"Analysis and design of genetic algorithm","author":"D. Thierens","year":"1995","unstructured":"D. Thierens, \u201cAnalysis and design of genetic algorithm,\u201d Ph.D. thesis, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium, 1995."},{"key":"390814_CR46","unstructured":"H.-M. Voigt, H. M\u00fahlenbein, and D. Cvetkov\u00edc, \u201cFuzzy recombination for the breeder genetic algorithm,\u201d in Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Genetic Algorithms, 1995, pp. 104\u2013111."}],"container-title":["Computational Optimization and Applications"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1013500812258.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1023\/A:1013500812258\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1023\/A:1013500812258.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,13]],"date-time":"2025-07-13T03:34:43Z","timestamp":1752377683000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1023\/A:1013500812258"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]}},"alternative-id":["390814"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/a:1013500812258","relation":{},"ISSN":["0926-6003","1573-2894"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0926-6003","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2894","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2002,1]]}}}