{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T17:57:40Z","timestamp":1792173460593,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"IMR Press","issue":"5-6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["International Journal for Vitamin and Nutrition Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Abstract: Background: Gestational diabetes (GDM) is a pregnancy-related glucose intolerance with significant implications for maternal and fetal health. Calcium is essential for insulin secretion and metabolism, while iron intake may also impact GDM. This case-control study was conducted to investigate the relationship between calcium and iron intake with the risk of GDM. Methods: GDM was defined as Fasting Blood Sugar&gt;92mg\/dL or 75g Oral-Glucose-Tolerance-Test 120-minutes&gt;153mg\/dL. A 168-Item food-frequency-questionnaire was used to collect dietary calcium and iron intake from 24\u201340 weeks of gestation. The impact of total iron, red, processed\/unprocessed meat consumption, calcium, and dairy intake on GDM were investigated. Results: A total of 229 GDM and 205 non-GDM women (18\u201345 years) participated. GDM group had higher pre-pregnancy weight, weight gain, and pre-pregnancy BMI. Across all models, GDM risk significantly increased in the third and fourth quartiles of iron intake. The fourth quartile had an Odds Ratio (OR) of 2.68 (CI 95%, 4.89\u20131.56; P&lt;0.001) compared to the reference. Heme-iron consumption in the fourth quartiles increased GDM risk. In the second calcium intake model, ORs for the second, third, and fourth quartiles were 0.51 (CI 95%, 0.91\u20130.25), 0.43 (CI 95%, 0.77\u20130.24), and 0.35 (CI 95%, 0.63\u20130.19), respectively (P&lt;0.001 all), reducing GDM risk by 50\u201365% compared to the first quartile. Dairy consumption in all quartiles of the first and second models was associated with lower GDM risk. Conclusions: Consumption of heme-iron through red and processed meat associated with an increased chance of developing GDM. Dairy intake reduces the chances of developing GDM in pregnant women. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1024\/0300-9831\/a000803","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,17]],"date-time":"2024-01-17T07:36:20Z","timestamp":1705476980000},"page":"354-364","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["The protective association of dairy intake and the adverse impact of iron on gestational diabetes risk"],"prefix":"10.31083","volume":"94","author":[{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Pouladi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2929-9272","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ehsan","family":"Nozari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 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