{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T22:34:00Z","timestamp":1780526040730,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Hogrefe Publishing Group","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vasa"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Abstract. Posterior nutcracker syndrome (PNCS) is the entrapment of the left renal vein between the aorta and the vertebral column. Although uncommon, it is still an important diagnosis due to the high morbidity associated with the risk of secondary anaemia from haematuria, from long-term left renal vein hypertension, vascular thrombosis, and even blood clots in the urinary system. A literature search of PubMed and EMBASE databases was performed and 27 publications containing 27 cases were included for the final analysis. The following frequency of clinical signs and symptoms was noted: twenty-five patients had haematuria, 13 patients had flank pain, and two had hypertension. Overall, male-female distribution was balanced and there were more adult than paediatric (age &lt; 18 years) patients. All symptoms of patients with conservative treatment were either well-controlled or under spontaneous resolution. Conservative management instead of surgical treatment should be preferred in most cases. Taken together, despite the low incidence of PNCS, its recognition and management are highly important. This systematic study explores the evidence base for conservative and medical options. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,22]],"date-time":"2017-11-22T14:36:46Z","timestamp":1511361406000},"page":"23-29","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Posterior nutcracker syndrome \u2013 a systematic                     review"],"prefix":"10.1024","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Jae Hyon","family":"Park","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Yonsei University College of Medicine,                     Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"These authors contributed equally to this                     paper"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gi Hoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Yonsei University Wonju College of                     Medicine, Wonju, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"These authors contributed equally to this                     paper"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seul Mi","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei                     University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Division of Pediatric Nephrology,                     Severance Children\u2018s Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Eisenhut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Luton & Dunstable University Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Lewsey Road, Luton, United Kingdom"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Kronbichler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine IV,                     Medical University Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keum 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