{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,17]],"date-time":"2025-11-17T17:16:41Z","timestamp":1763399801717},"reference-count":129,"publisher":"Hogrefe Publishing Group","issue":"4","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vasa"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Abstract. Antiplatelet agents significantly reduce mortality and morbidity in ischemic heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral artery disease (PAD), and are therefore part of guideline-driven daily medical treatment in these patients. Due to its beneficial effects in the secondary prevention of atherothrombotic events, aspirin remains the most frequently prescribed antiplatelet agent in cardiovascular disease. In patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and in those undergoing angioplasty with stent implantation dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and an adenosine diphosphate (ADP) receptor antagonist is indicated. The development of the newer ADP P2Y<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub> inhibitors prasugrel and ticagrelor has further improved prognosis in ACS patients compared to clopidogrel. Moreover, vorapaxar allows the inhibition of platelet activation by thrombin via protease-activated receptor-1 and has been approved for the use in patients with PAD and in those with a history of myocardial infarction. This review article summarizes the current evidence on oral antiplatelet agents in cardiovascular disease. <\/jats:p><jats:p> Keywords: Aspirin, clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor, vorapaxar, cardiovascular disease <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000753","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,10,16]],"date-time":"2018-10-16T11:02:48Z","timestamp":1539687768000},"page":"291-302","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Oral antiplatelet agents in cardiovascular disease"],"prefix":"10.1024","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Joseph","family":"Pultar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II,                     Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Joseph Pultar and Patricia P. Wadowski                     share first authorship"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patricia P.","family":"Wadowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II,                     Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Joseph Pultar and Patricia P. Wadowski                     share first authorship"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Panzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Blood Group Serology and                     Transfusion Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Gremmel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine II,                     Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine,                     Cardiology and Nephrology, Landesklinikum Wiener Neustadt, Wiener Neustadt,                     Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"101","reference":[{"key":"c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2957"},{"key":"c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx095"},{"issue":"29","key":"c3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw106","volume":"37","author":"Piepoli MF","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35025203"},{"key":"c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199901143400207"},{"key":"c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature10146"},{"key":"c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/362801a0"},{"key":"c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehw210"},{"issue":"3","key":"c9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv320","volume":"37","author":"Roffi M","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"2","key":"c10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx393","volume":"39","author":"Ibanez B","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"3","key":"c11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehx419","volume":"39","author":"Valgimigli M","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(67)91658-3"},{"issue":"22","key":"c13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2851","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehr211","volume":"32","author":"European Stroke O","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000251"},{"key":"c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000603"},{"key":"c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000579"},{"key":"c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199405053301808"},{"key":"c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI108132"},{"key":"c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198308183090703"},{"issue":"8607","key":"c20","first-page":"349","volume":"2","author":"Group TI-C","year":"1988","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198511283132201"},{"key":"c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)92336-G"},{"key":"c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198907203210301"},{"key":"c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.324.7329.71"},{"key":"c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050613"},{"key":"c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0909475"},{"key":"c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa003199"},{"issue":"4","key":"c28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.97.4.350","volume":"97","author":"Valles J","year":"1998","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.16.1924"},{"key":"c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa010746"},{"key":"c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2011.04304.x"},{"key":"c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcin.2010.05.014"},{"issue":"5","key":"c33","first-page":"930","volume":"99","author":"Cesari F","year":"2008","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-08-236679"},{"key":"c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-06-359224"},{"issue":"1","key":"c36","first-page":"42","volume":"4","author":"Patrono C","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Cardiology"},{"key":"c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gft103"},{"key":"c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.105.596627"},{"key":"c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000013777.21160.07"},{"key":"c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(01)01631-9"},{"key":"c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2003.12.034"},{"key":"c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000145"},{"key":"c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000369"},{"key":"c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0091270009343005"},{"key":"c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199604253341702"},{"key":"c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.16.1597"},{"key":"c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199812033392303"},{"key":"c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.98.20.2126"},{"issue":"4","key":"c49","first-page":"CD002133","author":"Cosmi B","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"c50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.281.9.806"},{"issue":"6","key":"c51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.102.6.624","volume":"102","author":"Bertrand ME","year":"2000","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"3","key":"c52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv320","volume":"37","author":"Roffi M","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"4","key":"c53","first-page":"390","volume":"37","author":"Udell JA","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"c54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-014-0230-6"},{"key":"c55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)09457-3"},{"key":"c56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.19.2411"},{"key":"c57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000091201.39590.CB"},{"key":"c58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa050522"},{"key":"c59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16721-4"},{"key":"c60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000163561.90680.1C"},{"key":"c61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa060989"},{"key":"c62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0901301"},{"key":"c63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2010.04.027"},{"key":"c64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2004.09.067"},{"issue":"2","key":"c65","first-page":"211","volume":"106","author":"Gremmel T","year":"2011","journal-title":"Thromb Haemost"},{"key":"c66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2007.04.014"},{"key":"c67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehl275"},{"key":"c68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.812636"},{"key":"c69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.0000130846.46168.03"},{"key":"c70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2006.06.065"},{"key":"c71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1538-7836.2009.03699.x"},{"key":"c72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.290"},{"key":"c73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.007524"},{"key":"c74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000510"},{"key":"c75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31323-X"},{"key":"c76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.06.064"},{"key":"c77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1007964"},{"key":"c78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2013.10.068"},{"key":"c79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003319716631249"},{"key":"c80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2011.10.010"},{"key":"c81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.thromres.2011.11.019"},{"key":"c82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0809171"},{"key":"c83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0808227"},{"key":"c84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000676"},{"key":"c85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000668"},{"key":"c86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2006.10.010"},{"key":"c87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi877"},{"issue":"25","key":"c88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2923","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.740324","volume":"116","author":"Wiviott SD","year":"2007","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"c89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0706482"},{"key":"c90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1205512"},{"issue":"16","key":"c91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1626","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.791061","volume":"118","author":"Wiviott SD","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"1","key":"c92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/MCA.0000000000000547","volume":"29","author":"Hamilos M","year":"2018","journal-title":"Coron Artery Dis"},{"key":"c93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.04.017"},{"key":"c94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1160\/TH16-02-0102"},{"key":"c95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bcp.13053"},{"key":"c96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1477"},{"key":"c97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-03-707844"},{"key":"c98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehi754"},{"issue":"19","key":"c99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1844","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.07.053","volume":"50","author":"Cannon CP","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"c100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0904327"},{"key":"c101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.03.100"},{"key":"c102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehv547"},{"key":"c103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1611688"},{"key":"c104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0177872"},{"key":"c105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11538060-000000000-00000"},{"key":"c106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehp504"},{"key":"c107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1586\/erc.10.49"},{"key":"c108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)60230-0"},{"key":"c109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1109719"},{"key":"c110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1200933"},{"key":"c111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.000679"},{"key":"c112","unstructured":"Zontivity \u2013                         Withdrawal of the marketing authorisation in the European                         Union, EMA\/411700\/2017 \u2013                         EMEA\/H\/C\/002814                     (2017)."},{"key":"c113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.126.3_suppl.234S"},{"key":"c114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/11630740-000000000-00000"},{"key":"c115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-012-1217-6"},{"key":"c116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagelschmitz J,                                 Blunck M,                                 Kraetzschmar J,                                 Ludwig M,                                 Wensing G &                                 Hohlfeld T.                         Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of acetylsalicylic acid                         after intravenous and oral administration to healthy volunteers. Clinical                         Pharmacology: Advances and Applications.                             2014;6:51\u20139.","DOI":"10.2147\/CPAA.S47895"},{"key":"c117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1185\/03007990802205985"},{"key":"c118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2010.03669.x"},{"key":"c119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-009-0778-5"},{"key":"c120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00228-011-1120-6"},{"key":"c121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.106.014522"},{"key":"c122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.72.6.1177"},{"key":"c123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2125.2006.02792.x"},{"key":"c124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.CIR.101.10.1206"},{"key":"c125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.912550"},{"key":"c126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09537100600565551"},{"key":"c127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0b013e3181492209"},{"key":"c128","first-page":"177","volume":"10","author":"Cho JR","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vasc Health Risk Manag"},{"key":"c129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2146\/ajhp140758"}],"container-title":["Vasa"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/econtent.hogrefe.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000753","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T00:39:50Z","timestamp":1615941590000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/econtent.hogrefe.com\/doi\/10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000753"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]},"references-count":129,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000753"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000753","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-1526","1664-2872"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-1526","type":"print"},{"value":"1664-2872","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,1]]}}}