{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T03:00:21Z","timestamp":1783652421881,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Hogrefe Publishing Group","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Vasa"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Summary: Idiopathic chilblain is a relatively common yet poorly recognized acrosyndrome. This literature review aims to better understand and draw attention to this disorder. Chilblain is a localized inflammation of the skin that occurs on exposure to cold but non-freezing wet weather. It usually resolves spontaneously. The etiology is uncertain, but vasospasm seems to play a role in this abnormal reaction to cold. Diagnosis is most often based on clinical presentation, but a skin biopsy can be useful in dubious cases. In histology, dermal edema and an inflammatory infiltrate are usually present. A distribution of the infiltrate particularly around the eccrine gland is typical. Systemic symptoms and underlying autoimmune disease should be screened. Avoiding cold and keeping extremities warm is the first recommendation for management, as well as smoking cessation. Calcium channel blockers (in particular nifedipine) seems to be the treatment that has been most evaluated in chilblains. However, their effectiveness is not confirmed by all studies. Topical betamethasone is often used but its effect has not been confirmed by randomized clinical trials. Other treatments, such as pentoxifylline, hydrochloroquine and topical nitroglycerin have shown positive effects only in a reduced number of patients. Acupuncture seems to bring a benefit.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000838","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,6]],"date-time":"2019-12-06T13:37:50Z","timestamp":1575639470000},"page":"133-140","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Chilblains"],"prefix":"10.1024","volume":"49","author":[{"given":"Astrid","family":"Nyssen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, CHR Verviers East Belgium Verviers, Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Vascular Diseases, H\u00f4pital Erasme, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farida","family":"Benhadou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, H\u00f4pital Erasme, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marc","family":"Magn\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cardiology, CHR Verviers East Belgium Verviers, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josette","family":"Andr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Dermatopathology, H\u00f4pital Saint-Pierre, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline","family":"Koopmansch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology and Dermatopathology, H\u00f4pital Saint-Pierre, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Claude","family":"Wautrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Diseases, H\u00f4pital Erasme, Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"101","reference":[{"key":"c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11936-008-0014-0"},{"issue":"12","key":"c2","first-page":"512","volume":"10","author":"Chipman ED","year":"1912","journal-title":"Cal State J Med"},{"key":"c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.07.011"},{"key":"c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.09.020"},{"key":"c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0151"},{"issue":"1","key":"c6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5070\/D3211025427","volume":"21","author":"Antonio AM","year":"2015","journal-title":"Dermatol Online J"},{"key":"c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jdv.12199"},{"key":"c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.110100"},{"key":"c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.d2708"},{"issue":"3","key":"c10","first-page":"229","volume":"17","author":"Vayssairat M","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Mal Vasc"},{"key":"c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2004-2681"},{"key":"c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1470.2000.01722.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"c13","first-page":"463","volume":"31","author":"Padeh S","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Exp Rheumatol"},{"key":"c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1470.1994.tb00063.x"},{"key":"c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mjafi.2013.01.011"},{"key":"c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-1947-8-381"},{"key":"c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/abd1806-4841.20142376"},{"key":"c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0365-05962012000400027"},{"key":"c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dth.12350"},{"issue":"3","key":"c20","first-page":"25","volume":"18","author":"Raza N","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad"},{"key":"c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(90)70209-Z"},{"issue":"1","key":"c22","first-page":"46","volume":"11","author":"Spittell JA","year":"1992","journal-title":"Int Angiol"},{"key":"c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/cmw052"},{"key":"c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.1966"},{"key":"c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0b013e3181af1d24"},{"key":"c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/mjd.2001.117861"},{"issue":"12","key":"c27","first-page":"688","volume":"65","author":"Hermanns JF","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev Med Liege"},{"key":"c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0046-8177(97)90038-1"},{"key":"c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.1981.tb02302.x"},{"key":"c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005792-200105000-00004"},{"key":"c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000000945"},{"key":"c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000000477"},{"key":"c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cup.12082"},{"key":"c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000437224"},{"key":"c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.143.2.274"},{"key":"c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ijd.13896"},{"key":"c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.13366"},{"key":"c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2230.2012.04435.x"},{"key":"c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3889\/oamjms.2018.035"},{"key":"c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13023-015-0347-1"},{"key":"c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000675"},{"key":"c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000661"},{"key":"c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.det.2008.05.015"},{"key":"c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257-016-0228-y"},{"key":"c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2016.1.226"},{"key":"c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13244-016-0495-4"},{"key":"c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.1.1411.58"},{"key":"c48","first-page":"2013","volume":"27","author":"Patel S","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"key":"c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ced.13330"},{"key":"c50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-0918"},{"key":"c51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.10.030"},{"key":"c52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0190-9622(91)70168-2"},{"key":"c53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2010.09829.x"},{"key":"c54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/s10165-012-0768-9"},{"issue":"3","key":"c55","first-page":"209","volume":"69","author":"Patra AK","year":"2003","journal-title":"Indian J Dermatol Venereol Leprol"},{"key":"c56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.293.6552.923-a"},{"key":"c57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.1989.tb07792.x"},{"issue":"12","key":"c58","first-page":"1762","volume":"29","author":"Noaimi AA","year":"2008","journal-title":"Saudi Med J"},{"issue":"10","key":"c59","first-page":"1242","volume":"9","author":"Yang X","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Drugs Dermatol"},{"key":"c60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp17X689413"},{"issue":"3","key":"c61","first-page":"176","volume":"13","author":"Verma P","year":"2015","journal-title":"Skinmed"},{"key":"c62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2008.01912.x"},{"issue":"3","key":"c63","first-page":"171","volume":"25","author":"Xiang F","year":"2005","journal-title":"Zhongguo Zhen Jiu"},{"issue":"6","key":"c64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1080\/00015550510027423","volume":"85","author":"Ekback M","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Derm Venereol"},{"key":"c65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.1900120515"},{"issue":"3","key":"c66","first-page":"162","volume":"13","author":"Calzavara F","year":"1968","journal-title":"Minerva Radiol"}],"container-title":["Vasa"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/econtent.hogrefe.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000838","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,23]],"date-time":"2023-09-23T18:38:08Z","timestamp":1695494288000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/econtent.hogrefe.com\/doi\/10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000838"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000838"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1024\/0301-1526\/a000838","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-1526","1664-2872"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-1526","type":"print"},{"value":"1664-2872","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,1]]}}}