{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T00:13:33Z","timestamp":1781741613927,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Hogrefe Publishing Group","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]],"date-time":"2013-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362096000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/3.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Crisis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The Golden Gate Bridge (GGB) is a well-known \u201csuicide magnet\u201d and the site of approximately 30 suicides per year. Recently, a suicide barrier was approved to prevent further suicides. Aims: To estimate the cost-effectiveness of the proposed suicide barrier, we compared the proposed costs of the barrier over a 20-year period ($51.6 million) to estimated reductions in mortality. Method: We reviewed San Francisco and Golden Gate Bridge suicides over a 70-year period (1936\u20132006). We assumed that all suicides prevented by the barrier would attempt suicide with alternative methods and estimated the mortality reduction based on the difference in lethality between GGB jumps and other suicide methods. Cost\/benefit analyses utilized estimates of value of statistical life (VSL) used in highway projects. Results: GGB suicides occur at a rate of approximately 30 per year, with a lethality of 98%. Jumping from other structures has an average lethality of 47%. Assuming that unsuccessful suicides eventually committed suicide at previously reported (12\u201313%) rates, approximately 286 lives would be saved over a 20-year period at an average cost\/life of approximately $180,419 i.e., roughly 6% of US Department of Transportation minimal VSL estimate ($3.2 million). Conclusions: Cost-benefit analysis suggests that a suicide barrier on the GGB would result in a highly cost-effective reduction in suicide mortality in the San Francisco Bay Area.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1027\/0227-5910\/a000179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,22]],"date-time":"2012-12-22T05:30:44Z","timestamp":1356154244000},"page":"98-106","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Analysis of the Cost Effectiveness of a Suicide Barrier on the Golden Gate Bridge"],"prefix":"10.1027","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Dayna","family":"Atkins Whitmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Cognitive Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, VA Northern California Healthcare Outpatient Clinic, Martinez, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David Lauren","family":"Woods","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Human Cognitive Neurophysiology Research Laboratory, VA Northern California Healthcare Outpatient Clinic, Martinez, CA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"101","reference":[{"issue":"1175","key":"c1","first-page":"U461","volume":"116","author":"Beautrais A.","year":"2003","journal-title":"New Zealand Medical Journal"},{"key":"c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/0227-5910.28.S1.58"},{"issue":"1251","key":"c3","first-page":"U2459","volume":"120","author":"Beautrais A.","year":"2007","journal-title":"New Zealand Medical Journal"},{"key":"c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0004867010060501"},{"key":"c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00048670902873714"},{"key":"c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.153.8.1009"},{"key":"c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.106.027136"},{"key":"c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0039-6109(16)45383-1"},{"key":"c9","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . (2003).Compressed mortality file 1979\u20131998. Retrieved from wonder.cdc.gov\/cmf-icd9.html"},{"key":"c10","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . (2009).Compressed mortality file 1999\u20132006. Retrieved from wonder.cdc.gov\/cmf-icd10.html"},{"key":"c11","unstructured":"Cohen, E. (1965). Suicide in San Francisco: Reported and unreported.California Medicine,102, 426\u2013430."},{"key":"c12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daigle, M. S. (2005). Suicide prevention through means restriction: Assessing the risk of substitution. A critical review and synthesis.Accident Analysis and Prevention,37, 625\u2013632.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2005.03.004"},{"key":"c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.75.4.676"},{"key":"c14","unstructured":"Golden Gate Bridge Highway and Transportation District (GGBHTD) . (2010).Summary of GGBHTD incident reports relative to suicide by calender year(unpublished personal correspondence)."},{"issue":"2","key":"c15","first-page":"15","volume":"10","author":"Gunnell D.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Suicidologi"},{"key":"c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/0227-5910.28.S1.4"},{"key":"c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2010.115188"},{"key":"c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198108000-00004"},{"key":"c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1992.01820060031005"},{"key":"c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/ip.2006.013748"},{"key":"c21","first-page":"349","volume":"63","author":"Pilgrim C. W.","year":"1907","journal-title":"American Journal of Insanity"},{"key":"c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/suli.2005.35.4.460"},{"key":"c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/suli.2007.37.6.681"},{"key":"c24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1943-278X.1995.tb00959.x","volume":"25","author":"Rhyne C. E.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior"},{"key":"c25","first-page":"289","volume":"122","author":"Rosen D. H.","year":"1975","journal-title":"Western Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c3222"},{"key":"c27","unstructured":"San Francisco Suicide Prevention (SFSP) . (2011).About us. Retrieved from www.sfsuicide.org\/about-sfsp\/"},{"key":"c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archsurg.140.9.902"},{"key":"c29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1943-278X.1978.tb00587.x","volume":"8","author":"Seiden R. H.","year":"1978","journal-title":"Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior"},{"key":"c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c2884"},{"key":"c31","first-page":"779","volume":"38","author":"Snyder R.","year":"1968","journal-title":"Aerospace Medicine"},{"key":"c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.3.562"},{"key":"c33","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau . (2000).Census 2000. Retrieved from www.census.gov\/main\/www\/cen2000.html"},{"key":"c34","unstructured":"United States Department of Transportation, Office of the Secretary of Transportation (USDOT) . (2009).Regarding the guidance memorandum \u201cTreatment of the economic value of a statistical life in departmental analyses \u2013 2009 annual revision\u201d[memorandum]. Retrieved from ostpxweb.dot.gov\/policy\/reports\/VSL Guidance 031809 a.pdf"},{"key":"c35","unstructured":"Wendling, A. (1954).Suicide in San Francisco Bay regions(Unpublished doctoral dissertation.) University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA."}],"container-title":["Crisis"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/econtent.hogrefe.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1027\/0227-5910\/a000179","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T23:21:29Z","timestamp":1714778489000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/econtent.hogrefe.com\/doi\/10.1027\/0227-5910\/a000179"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1027\/0227-5910\/a000179"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/0227-5910\/a000179","relation":{},"ISSN":["0227-5910","2151-2396"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0227-5910","type":"print"},{"value":"2151-2396","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,1]]}}}