{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,10]],"date-time":"2026-02-10T17:03:49Z","timestamp":1770743029609,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Hogrefe Publishing Group","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Crisis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Abstract: Background: Inert gases are an emerging means of suicide in Toronto, Canada. Trends in suicide by these methods change over time, yet long-term patterns remain uncharacterized in cities like Toronto. Aims: To update trends in suicide using inhalational gas and explore the profiles of individuals using different methods in Toronto. Methods: Suicide deaths were identified from coroner\u2019s records and classified by suicide methods. Time trends were explored, and bivariate analyses were performed to characterize differences in profiles between groups. Results: There were 229 suicide deaths by inert gas between 1998 and 2020. For 2016\u20132020, suicide by nitrogen increased by 100%, whereas there was a decrease in suicide by helium (\u221238%) and charcoal burning (\u221257%) compared to 2011\u20132015. Males comprised a higher proportion of inhalational gas deaths compared to other methods. Individuals who died by compressed gas and charcoal burning were more likely to have left suicide notes compared to people who died by other methods. Limitations: The number of suicide deaths by gas inhalation may be underestimated due to potential misclassification. Conclusions: Suicide prevention strategies including restricting access to suicidal means, providing helpline information on the products, and responsible media reporting should each be advocated for. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1027\/0227-5910\/a001015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T03:43:22Z","timestamp":1751600602000},"page":"270-277","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Suicide Deaths by Gas Inhalation in Toronto, Canada \u2013 An Observational Study of Emerging Methods of Suicide From 1998 to 2020"],"prefix":"10.1027","volume":"46","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5593-7146","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vera Yu","family":"Men","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work, The University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-5083-2291","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Prudence Po","family":"Ming Chan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayal","family":"Schaffer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rosalie","family":"Steinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6361-0469","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rachel","family":"Mitchell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1175-3687","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Dmetrichuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office of the Chief Coroner-Ontario Forensic Pathology Service, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul Siu","family":"Fai Yip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hong Kong Jockey Club Centre for Suicide Research and Prevention, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People\u2019s Republic of China"},{"name":"Department of Social Work and Social Administration, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, People\u2019s Republic of China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3117-2350","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Simon","family":"Hatcher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Clinical Epidemiology Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7756-2584","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mark","family":"Sinyor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, Toronto, ON, Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"101","reference":[{"key":"c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/s0033291701003920"},{"key":"c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1556-4029.2011.01723.x"},{"key":"c3","volume-title":"Regulation Impact Statement \u2013 Proposed mandatory safety standard on non-refillable helium cylinders","author":"Australian Competition &amp; 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