{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,16]],"date-time":"2026-07-16T15:30:37Z","timestamp":1784215837254,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Hogrefe Publishing Group","issue":"6","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Experimental Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Abstract: The Somatic Marker Hypothesis (SHM) proposes that human decision-making under uncertainty is advantageously guided by affective signals before developing awareness of which courses of action are better. However, this claim has been questioned due to the limitations of the methods used to measure awareness, with alternative measures yielding conflicting results. To address this issue, we apply metacognitive sensitivity, a reliable method based on confidence ratings that outperform previous awareness measures, in an online nonclinical sample ( N = 44) to assess awareness in the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). Using this approach, we found that awareness and advantageous decision-making are not independent processes; an increase in metacognitive sensitivity strongly predicted an improvement in task performance in nearly all blocks of the task. A lab-based preregistered replication ( N = 47) confirmed these findings. Interestingly, some participants demonstrated awareness without advantageous decision-making, suggesting that awareness is a necessary \u2013 but not sufficient \u2013 condition for optimal performance. Overall, this study highlights the challenges of measuring awareness in the IGT and introduces a novel alternative method that questions a key postulate of the SMH. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1027\/1618-3169\/a000636","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,6]],"date-time":"2025-03-06T09:20:36Z","timestamp":1741252836000},"page":"343-351","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Metacognitive Sensitivity on the Iowa Gambling Task Reveals Awareness as a Necessary Condition for Advantageous Performance"],"prefix":"10.1027","volume":"71","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4454-1173","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Julieta M.","family":"Zapata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda, SeCyT \u2013 Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Maria Saleme Burnichon (CIFFyH), Facultad de Filosof\u00eda y Humanidades, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicol\u00e1s A.","family":"Comay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Science Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Psicol\u00f3gicas (IIPsi, CONICET-UNC), Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaspar","family":"Taricco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Science Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Psicol\u00f3gicas (IIPsi, CONICET-UNC), Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo","family":"Barttfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cognitive Science Group, Instituto de Investigaciones Psicol\u00f3gicas (IIPsi, CONICET-UNC), Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4093-2649","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Guillermo","family":"Solovey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de C\u00e1lculo, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, UBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aar\u00f3n","family":"Saal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda, SeCyT \u2013 Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Maria Saleme Burnichon (CIFFyH), Facultad de Filosof\u00eda y Humanidades, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1915-2173","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jos\u00e9 V.","family":"Ahumada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Psicolog\u00eda, SeCyT \u2013 Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaciones Maria Saleme Burnichon (CIFFyH), Facultad de Filosof\u00eda y Humanidades, Universidad Nacional de C\u00f3rdoba, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"101","reference":[{"key":"c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0277(94)90018-3"},{"key":"c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.275.5304.1293"},{"key":"c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2005.02.002"},{"key":"c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandc.2004.08.015"},{"key":"c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000505"},{"key":"c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-013-0365-7"},{"key":"c7","volume-title":"Data & scripts for the study \u201cMetacognitive sensitivity on the Iowa Gambling Task reveals awareness as a necessary condition for advantageous performance\u201d","author":"Comay N.","year":"2024"},{"key":"c8","volume-title":"Descartes\u2019 error: Emotion, rationality and the human brain","author":"Damasio A. 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