{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,22]],"date-time":"2023-12-22T00:02:22Z","timestamp":1703203342305},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Hogrefe Publishing Group","issue":"2","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Media Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Although sad films elicit states of sadness and cause onlookers to mourn beloved characters, these media offerings also lead to enjoyment. This paradoxical situation challenges both theoretical approaches and empirical studies in entertainment research. Based on an appraisal-theoretical framework, the present study examined the role of multiple appraisals of recipients\u2019 sadness. It is argued that these so-called meta-appraisals are able to transform one\u2019s sadness into a positive meta-emotion (i.e., enjoyment); this process is called valence transformation. Results of an experimental study (N = 149) showed that in cases of a sad film ending, participants experienced higher levels of sadness than they did in cases of a happy ending. Furthermore, given a sad ending, meta-appraisal processes were activated that mediated the relationship between sadness and enjoyment. If the film had a happy ending, however, there were no indirect effects. Results are discussed in the light of theoretical considerations. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,9,2]],"date-time":"2012-09-02T07:41:40Z","timestamp":1346571700000},"page":"43-54","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["It\u2019s Right to Be Sad"],"prefix":"10.1027","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Matthias","family":"Hofer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Werner","family":"Wirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"101","reference":[{"key":"c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.51.6.1173"},{"key":"c2","first-page":"607","volume-title":"Handbook of emotions","author":"Barr-Zisowitz C.","year":"2000","edition":"2"},{"key":"c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650209356441"},{"key":"c4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1515\/COMMUN.2006.018","volume":"31","author":"Bartsch A.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Communications: The European Journal of Communication Research"},{"key":"c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15213260701813447"},{"key":"c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-422X(94)00010-4"},{"key":"c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040.13.4.277"},{"key":"c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00994161"},{"key":"c9","first-page":"572","volume-title":"Handbook of affective sciences","author":"Ellsworth P. C.","year":"2003"},{"key":"c10","first-page":"95","volume":"20","author":"Feagin S. L.","year":"1983","journal-title":"American Philosophical Quarterly"},{"key":"c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699939308409188"},{"key":"c12","volume-title":"Series in affective science. Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research","author":"Frijda N. H.","year":"2001"},{"key":"c13","unstructured":"Geneva Emotion Research Group . (2002). Genfer Appraisal Fragebogen. Format, Entwicklung und Einsatzm\u00f6glichkeiten [Geneva Appraisal Questionnaire: Format, development and application possibilities]. Retrieved from www.affective-sciences.org\/system\/files\/page\/2636\/GAQ_Deutsch.pdf"},{"key":"c14","volume-title":"Meta-emotion: How families communicate emotionally","author":"Gottman J. M.","year":"1997"},{"key":"c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.8.3.341"},{"key":"c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.85.2.348"},{"key":"c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02699939508408966"},{"key":"c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637750903310360"},{"key":"c19","unstructured":"Izard, C.\nE. \nDougherty, \nF. E.\n\nBloxom, B.\nM. \nKotch, \nW. E.  \n(1974). The differential emotions scale: A\nmethod of measuring the subjective experience of discrete emotions.\nUnpublished manuscript, Vanderbilt University, Nashville,\nTennessee."},{"key":"c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/18756735-073001011"},{"key":"c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.770"},{"key":"c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.90.4.677"},{"key":"c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2006.00003.x"},{"key":"c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ccog.2000.0433"},{"key":"c25","unstructured":"Kr\u00e4mer, N.\nC. \nWitschel, \nT.   (2010).\nDemystifying the sad film paradox: A critical analysis of the question\nof why people enjoy the reception of sad films. Paper\npresented at the annual meeting of the International Communication Association,\nSingapore, June 2010."},{"key":"c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0882-7974.20.1.47"},{"key":"c27","volume-title":"Emotion and adaptation","author":"Lazarus R. S.","year":"1994","edition":"1"},{"key":"c28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195130072.003.0003","volume-title":"Series in affective science. Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research","author":"Lazarus R. S.","year":"2001"},{"key":"c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/053901882021006003"},{"key":"c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1528-3542.3.4.361"},{"key":"c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6494.694156"},{"key":"c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.55.1.102"},{"key":"c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324834basp1403_1"},{"key":"c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2008.11.013"},{"key":"c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.102.1.20"},{"key":"c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.1993.tb00304.x"},{"key":"c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2958.2009.01368.x"},{"key":"c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3167\/proj.2010.040208"},{"key":"c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15506878jobem4402_8"},{"key":"c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr0101_5"},{"key":"c41","volume-title":"Changing moods: The psychology of mood and mood regulation","author":"Parkinson B.","year":"1996"},{"key":"c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03206553"},{"key":"c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00273170701341316"},{"key":"c44","first-page":"61","volume-title":"LEA\u2019s communication series. Communication and emotion. Essays in honor of Dolf Zillmann","author":"Raney A.","year":"2003"},{"key":"c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s1532785xmep0602_4"},{"key":"c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.62.4.699"},{"key":"c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15324834basp1403_3"},{"key":"c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/026999397379962"},{"key":"c49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780195130072.003.0005","volume-title":"Series in affective science. Appraisal processes in emotion: Theory, methods, research","author":"Scherer K. R.","year":"2001"},{"key":"c50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.poetic.2010.03.002"},{"key":"c51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.48.4.813"},{"key":"c52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2007.01.012"},{"key":"c53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2007.11.010"},{"key":"c54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000031"},{"key":"c55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(03)00147-5"},{"key":"c56","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Dynamisch-transaktional denken: Theorie und Empirie in der Kommunikationswissenschaft","author":"Wirth W.","year":"2007"},{"key":"c57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000276488031003005"},{"key":"c58","first-page":"215","volume-title":"UMI Books on demand. Social psychophysiology: A sourcebook","author":"Zillmann D.","year":"1994"},{"key":"c59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-1031(77)80008-5"},{"key":"c60","volume-title":"Behavioral expressions and biosocial bases of sensation seeking","author":"Zuckerman M.","year":"1994"}],"container-title":["Journal of Media Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/econtent.hogrefe.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000061","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T10:54:15Z","timestamp":1703156055000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/econtent.hogrefe.com\/doi\/10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000061"}},"subtitle":["The Role of Meta-Appraisals in the Sad-Film Paradox \u2013 A Multiple Mediator Model"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000061"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000061","relation":{},"ISSN":["1864-1105","2151-2388"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1864-1105","type":"print"},{"value":"2151-2388","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,1]]}}}