{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T03:20:37Z","timestamp":1774927237912,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"Hogrefe Publishing Group","issue":"3","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Media Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Abstract. Social networking sites such as Facebook provide individuals with opportunities to express and gather information relevant to their self-concept. Previous theoretical work yielded contrasting assumptions about a potential link between individuals\u2019 Internet use and their self-concept clarity, that is, individuals\u2019 perception of a clear and internally consistent self-concept content. Focusing on social networking sites, our aim was to provide cross-sectional as well as longitudinal evidence regarding the relationship between individuals\u2019 feelings of connectedness to Facebook (Facebook intensity) and self-concept clarity. Two cross-sectional studies (N<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub> = 244; N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> = 166) and one longitudinal study (N<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub> = 101) are presented. Independent samples of adolescents, adults, and students from Austria participated. The statistical procedures included hierarchical regression analyses (Studies 1 and 2) and a cross-lagged panel analysis (Study 3). The studies provided consistent evidence of a negative relationship between Facebook intensity and self-concept clarity. Moreover, the longitudinal study showed that Facebook intensity predicted a decline in self-concept clarity over time whereas a reverse pathway was not supported. Future research should examine the content of the self-concept and should continue searching for specific Facebook activities that might explain the decline in self-concept clarity. Our results suggest that an intense attachment to Facebook contributes to an inconsistent and unclear self-concept. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,12,30]],"date-time":"2016-12-30T09:51:42Z","timestamp":1483091502000},"page":"160-172","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Intensity of Facebook Use Is Associated With Lower Self-Concept \t\t\t\t\tClarity"],"prefix":"10.1027","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Markus","family":"Appel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany"}]},{"given":"Constanze","family":"Schreiner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany"}]},{"given":"Silvana","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Koblenz-Landau, Landau, Germany"}]},{"given":"Martina","family":"Mara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ars Electronica Futurelab, Linz, Austria"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Gnambs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute for Educational Trajectories, \t\t\t\t\t\tBamberg, Germany"}]}],"member":"101","reference":[{"key":"c1","unstructured":"Ahmad,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. \t\t\t\t\t\t(2014, June 11). What happens in just ONE minute on Facebook [Web \t\t\t\t\t\t\tlog message], Retrieved from http:\/\/www.digitalinformationworld.com\/2014\/06\/what-happens-in-a-facebook-minute-infographic.html"},{"key":"c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Appel,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM., \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMara,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. & \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWeber,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. \t\t\t\t\t\t(2014). Media and identity. In \t\t\t\t\t\tM.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. Oliver & \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. Raney \t\t\t\t\t\t(Eds.), Media and social \t\t\t\t\t\t\tlife (pp. 16\u201328). \t\t\t\t\t\tNew York, NY: \t\t\t\t\t\tRoutledge. doi: 10.1177\/0267323114539432a","DOI":"10.1177\/0267323114539432a"},{"key":"c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537054"},{"key":"c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797609360756"},{"key":"c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60024-6"},{"key":"c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-2466.2008.00404.x"},{"key":"c7","unstructured":"Brandt, A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. & \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVonk,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. \t\t\t\t\t\t(2006). Who do you think you are? On the link \t\t\t\t\t\tbetween self-knowledge and self-esteem. In M. H. Kernis \t\t\t\t\t\t(Ed.), Self-esteem: Issues and \t\t\t\t\t\t\tanswers (pp. \t\t\t\t\t\t224\u2013229). Hove, \t\t\t\t\t\tUK: Psychology \t\t\t\t\tPress."},{"key":"c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/1753326.1753613"},{"key":"c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2005.12.017"},{"key":"c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(99)00049-5"},{"key":"c11","unstructured":"Calvert, S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. (2002). \t\t\t\t\t\tIdentity construction on the Internet. In \t\t\t\t\t\tS.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. Calvert, A.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. Jordan & \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR. R. Cocking \t\t\t\t\t\t(Eds.), Children in the digital \t\t\t\t\t\t\tage: Influences of electronic media on development \t\t\t\t\t(pp. 57\u201370). Westport, \t\t\t\t\t\tCT: \t\t\t\t\tPraeger."},{"key":"c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-6494.t01-1-00002"},{"key":"c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.70.6.1114"},{"key":"c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2011.0324"},{"key":"c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022022114527347"},{"key":"c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.12.002"},{"key":"c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(84)90133-8"},{"key":"c18","volume-title":"Human nature and the social order","author":"Cooley C. H.","year":"1902"},{"key":"c19","unstructured":"Corcoran,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK., \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tCrusius,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. & \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMussweiler,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. \t\t\t\t\t\t(2011). Social comparison: Motives, standards, \t\t\t\t\t\tand mechanisms. In D. Chadee \t\t\t\t\t\t(Ed.), Theories in social \t\t\t\t\t\t\tpsychology (pp. \t\t\t\t\t\t119\u2013139). Oxford, \t\t\t\t\t\tUK: \t\t\t\t\tWiley-Blackwell."},{"key":"c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.05.022"},{"key":"c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550612469233"},{"key":"c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2007.00367.x"},{"key":"c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444811410395"},{"key":"c24","unstructured":"Facebook. (2016). \t\t\t\t\t\t\tStats. Retrieved \t\t\t\t\t\tfrom http:\/\/newsroom.fb.com\/company-info\/"},{"key":"c25","volume-title":"Social beings. Core motives in social psychology","author":"Fiske S. T.","year":"2010"},{"key":"c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025408098020"},{"key":"c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrp.2014.06.003"},{"key":"c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010814-015321"},{"key":"c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2012.009"},{"key":"c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2004.09.005"},{"key":"c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118"},{"key":"c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2009.0217"},{"key":"c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2011.07.015"},{"key":"c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0144929X.2010.550063"},{"key":"c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.114.1.145"},{"key":"c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2010.0374"},{"key":"c37","unstructured":"Krasnova,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH., \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWenninger,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH., \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWidjaja,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. & \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBuxmann,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. \t\t\t\t\t\t(2013). Envy on Facebook: A hidden threat to \t\t\t\t\t\tusers\u2019 life satisfaction? Wirtschaftsinformatik Proceedings 2013. \t\t\t\t\t\tPaper 92. Retrieved from http:\/\/aisel.aisnet.org\/wi2013\/92"},{"key":"c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0069841"},{"key":"c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2013.12.009"},{"key":"c40","volume-title":"Longitudinal Structural Equation Modeling","author":"Little T. D.","year":"2013"},{"key":"c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15328007SEM0902_1"},{"key":"c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025407077757"},{"key":"c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2006.9.275"},{"key":"c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/14440-000"},{"key":"c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2167696814532442"},{"key":"c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2014.01.010"},{"key":"c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2004.01.004"},{"key":"c48","volume-title":"Mplus user\u2019s guide","author":"Muth\u00e9n L. K.","year":"1998","edition":"7"},{"key":"c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2014.11.015"},{"key":"c50","unstructured":"Reid,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. \t\t\t\t\t\t(1998). The self and the Internet: Variations on \t\t\t\t\t\tthe illusion of one self. In J. Gackenbach \t\t\t\t\t\t(Ed.), Psychology and the \t\t\t\t\t\t\tInternet: Intrapersonal, interpersonal, and transpersonal \t\t\t\t\t\t\timplications (pp. \t\t\t\t\t\t29\u201341). San Diego, \t\t\t\t\t\tCA: Academic \t\t\t\t\tPress."},{"key":"c51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15298868.2010.493066"},{"key":"c52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2011.02.004"},{"key":"c53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550612460059"},{"key":"c54","first-page":"23","volume":"8","author":"Schermelleh-Engel K.","year":"2003","journal-title":"Methods of Psychological Research Online"},{"key":"c55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2007.00296.x"},{"key":"c56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15213269.2014.897236"},{"key":"c57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60229-4"},{"key":"c58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.appdev.2008.07.002"},{"key":"c59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsp.2012.12.002"},{"key":"c60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1024\/\/0170-1789.23.4.475"},{"key":"c61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-6278-2"},{"key":"c62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Swann, W. B. Jr. & \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBosson, J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tK. (2010). \t\t\t\t\t\tSelf and identity. In S. T. Fiske, D.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tT. Gilbert & \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tG. Lindzey \t\t\t\t\t\t(Eds.), Handbook of social \t\t\t\t\t\t\tpsychology (Vol. 1, pp. \t\t\t\t\t\t589\u2013628). Hoboken, \t\t\t\t\t\tNJ: Wiley. doi: 10.1002\/9780470561119.socpsy001016","DOI":"10.1002\/9780470561119.socpsy001016"},{"key":"c63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2013.11.003"},{"key":"c64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.10.002"},{"key":"c65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15213269.2012.762189"},{"key":"c66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08824096.2014.990557"},{"key":"c67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167212474694"},{"key":"c68","volume-title":"Life on the screen: Identity in the age of the Internet","author":"Turkle S.","year":"1995"},{"key":"c69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.2009.01474.x"},{"key":"c70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650207313164"},{"key":"c71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2010.08.020"},{"key":"c72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-013-0055-x"},{"key":"c73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bodyim.2013.05.004"},{"key":"c74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xge0000057"},{"key":"c75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1559-1816.2011.00772.x"},{"key":"c76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-015-0385-y"}],"container-title":["Journal of Media Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/econtent.hogrefe.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000192","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T10:58:47Z","timestamp":1703156327000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/econtent.hogrefe.com\/doi\/10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000192"}},"subtitle":["Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Evidence"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]},"references-count":76,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000192"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000192","relation":{},"ISSN":["1864-1105","2151-2388"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1864-1105","type":"print"},{"value":"2151-2388","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,7]]}}}