{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T18:08:32Z","timestamp":1778868512902,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Hogrefe Publishing Group","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Media Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Abstract. The use of emojis in digital communication has become increasingly popular, but how emojis are processed and integrated in reading processes remains underexplored. This study used eye-tracking to monitor university students\u2019 ( n\u00a0=\u00a047) eye movements while reading single-line text messages with a face emoji embedded medially. Messages contained a semantically congruent emoji (e.g., That\u2019s good news \ud83d\ude0a tell me more), a semantically incongruent emoji (e.g., That\u2019s good news \u2639 tell me more), or a dash (e.g., That\u2019s good news \u2013 tell me more). Results revealed that emoji congruency did not influence early fixation measures (first fixation duration and gaze duration), nor the probability of regressions. However, there was a significant congruency effect in total reading time and trial dwell time, showing that incongruence incurred a processing cost. The present results extend previously reported semantic congruency effects in sentence reading to the processing of emojis. This result suggests that the semantic content conveyed by face emojis is integrated with sentence context late in processing. We further found that the use of congruent emojis improved the relationship between sender and receiver: Ratings collected separately suggested that message senders were liked better if they included congruent than incongruent emojis. Overall, emojis attracted attention: Participants were twice as likely to fixate on emojis than on dashes, and to fixate on emojis for longer. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,6]],"date-time":"2022-04-06T10:48:21Z","timestamp":1649242101000},"page":"17-27","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["That\u2019s Good News \u2639"],"prefix":"10.1027","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9653-6106","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elisabeth","family":"Beyersmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Sciences and Macquarie Centre \t\t\t\t\tfor Reading, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Signy","family":"Wegener","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Sciences and Macquarie Centre \t\t\t\t\tfor Reading, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nenagh","family":"Kemp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychological Sciences, University of \t\t\t\t\tTasmania, Hobart, Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"101","reference":[{"key":"c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.02061"},{"key":"c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-020-01864-y"},{"key":"c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2012.11.001"},{"key":"c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pragma.2014.10.001"},{"key":"c5","unstructured":"Bates,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD., \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMaechler,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM., \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBolker,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tB. & \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWalker,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. \t\t\t\t\t\t(2020). Package \t\t\t\t\t\t\u201clme4\u201d. https:\/\/cran.r-project.org\/web\/packages\/lme4\/lme4.pdf"},{"key":"c6","unstructured":"Beyersmann,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE., \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWegener,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS. & \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tKemp,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tN. \t\t\t\t\t\t(2022). Materials, data, and scripts for \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\u201cThat\u2019s good news :(Semantic congruency effects in emoji \t\t\t\t\t\t\tprocessing\u201d. https:\/\/osf.io\/n9v7w\/"},{"key":"c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2021.106722"},{"key":"c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0021943606297902"},{"key":"c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8760(00)00195-1"},{"key":"c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/sem-2013-0079"},{"key":"c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cognition.2015.10.007"},{"key":"c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2014.09.018"},{"key":"c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.10.020"},{"key":"c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ppm0000219"},{"key":"c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10862960802695131"},{"key":"c16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dunlap, J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC., Bose,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tD., \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tLowenthal, P.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tR., \t\t\t\t\t\t\tYork, C.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tS., \t\t\t\t\t\t\tAtkinson,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. & \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tMurtagh,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. \t\t\t\t\t\t(2015). What sunshine is to flowers: A \t\t\t\t\t\tliterature review on the use of emoticons to support online \t\t\t\t\t\tlearning. In S. Y. Tettegah, & \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tM. Gartmeier \t\t\t\t\t\t(Eds.), Emotions, technology, \t\t\t\t\t\t\tdesign, and learning (pp. \t\t\t\t\t\t163\u2013182). \t\t\t\t\t\tElsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-801856-9.00008-6"},{"key":"c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5371(81)90220-6"},{"issue":"8","key":"c18","first-page":"4","volume":"19","author":"Fullwood C.","year":"2007","journal-title":"Applied Semiotics"},{"key":"c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1996.8.2.89"},{"key":"c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550617720269"},{"key":"c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0033670"},{"key":"c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.12.052"},{"key":"c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13421-020-01039-z"},{"key":"c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhcs.2013.09.007"},{"key":"c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/016909600386084"},{"key":"c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2729.2010.00400.x"},{"key":"c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9817.12074"},{"key":"c28","volume-title":"Who needs qstn mrks? Young people\u2019s responses to the spelling, punctuation and emoji of digital messages","author":"Kemp N.","year":"2018"},{"key":"c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17586801.2017.1285220"},{"key":"c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11145-014-9508-1"},{"key":"c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2012.676054"},{"key":"c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203970034"},{"key":"c33","volume-title":"Multimodal discourse: The modes and media of contemporary communication","author":"Kress G.","year":"2001"},{"key":"c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.093008.131123"},{"key":"c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v082.i13"},{"key":"c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2007.0132"},{"key":"c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bandl.2017.02.001"},{"key":"c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2017.01.001"},{"key":"c39","volume-title":"Understanding comics: The invisible art","author":"McCloud S.","year":"1993"},{"key":"c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cogs.12384"},{"key":"c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/jocn.1992.4.1.15"},{"key":"c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0010-0285(75)90005-5"},{"key":"c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.124.3.372"},{"key":"c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470210902816461"},{"key":"c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0036763"},{"key":"c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-7393.30.6.1290"},{"key":"c47","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2021"},{"key":"c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2020.106361"},{"key":"c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xlm0000281"},{"key":"c50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jml.2015.04.005"},{"key":"c51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2017.1327981"},{"key":"c52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12063"},{"key":"c53","first-page":"2457","volume":"13","author":"Tang Y.","year":"2019","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication"},{"key":"c54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12156"},{"key":"c55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2011.11.012"},{"key":"c56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/xhp0000200"},{"key":"c57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13423-016-1120-8"},{"key":"c58","volume-title":"Electronic emotion: The mediation of emotion via information and communication technologies","author":"Vincent J.","year":"2009"},{"key":"c59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2016.03.040"},{"key":"c60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/089443930101900307"},{"key":"c61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0201727"},{"key":"c62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/10949310050191809"}],"container-title":["Journal of Media Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/econtent.hogrefe.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000342","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,21]],"date-time":"2023-12-21T10:49:06Z","timestamp":1703155746000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/econtent.hogrefe.com\/doi\/10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000342"}},"subtitle":["Semantic Congruency Effects in Emoji Processing"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000342","relation":{},"ISSN":["1864-1105","2151-2388"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1864-1105","type":"print"},{"value":"2151-2388","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}}}