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Based on a 2 (stance: agreement vs. disagreement)\u00a0\u00d7\u00a02 (tone: civil vs. uncivil)\u00a0\u00d7\u00a02 (social endorsement: low vs. high) between-subjects online experiment in the United States ( N\u00a0=\u00a0418), the present study found that both disagreement and uncivil comments led to psychological reactance directly and indirectly via perceived threat to freedom. Unexpectedly, uncivil disagreement had smaller effects on psychological reactance than civil disagreement. In addition, although social endorsement cues did not show any independent effects on psychological reactance, they were found to exacerbate the direct effect of uncivil disagreement on psychological reactance. Overall, our study develops important theoretical connections between political deliberation and psychological reactance literatures. It also yields practical implications for fostering an inclusive and healthy environment for online political discussion. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000378","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T08:42:55Z","timestamp":1680770575000},"page":"15-26","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Reactance to Uncivil Disagreement?"],"prefix":"10.1027","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8259-7987","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shuning","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication, North Dakota State \t\t\t\t\tUniversity, Fargo, ND, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1779-9552","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hai","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Journalism and Communication, The Chinese \t\t\t\t\tUniversity of Hong Kong, Sha Tin, Hong Kong SAR"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"101","reference":[{"key":"c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcc4.12009"},{"key":"c2","volume-title":"46% of US social media users say they are \u201cworn out\u201d by political posts and discussions","author":"Anderson M.","year":"2020"},{"key":"c3","volume-title":"The wealth of networks","author":"Benkler Y.","year":"2008"},{"key":"c4","volume-title":"The outrage industry: Political opinion media and the new incivility","author":"Berry J. 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