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We designed a ball-tossing game in an immersive virtual environment as a test case. Actor\u2013observer differences were captured from four dimensions: participants\u2019 engagement with the virtual event, behavior explanations, behavior evaluations, and perceived agency. Results showed that visual perspective was an important factor influencing people\u2019s virtual experience. Viewing events from the first-person visual perspective increased event engagement indicated by greater self-presence in the virtual world and self-avatar merging. Participants with the third-person visual perspective judged avatar behavior more intentional and used more subjective reasons to explain it. People embodied in an avatar that resembled the self had more positive evaluations of the avatar\u2019s behavior than those embodied in a stranger avatar. We discuss the theoretical and practical implications of actor\u2013observer asymmetry in virtual reality. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000380","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T12:23:04Z","timestamp":1683030184000},"page":"27-44","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Actor\u2013Observer Asymmetry in Virtual Reality"],"prefix":"10.1027","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7514-3522","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shuo","family":"Zhou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Studies, School of \t\t\t\t\tCommunication and the System Health Lab, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong \t\t\t\t\tKong, SAR"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5240-6166","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Andrea Stevenson","family":"Won","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication, Cornell University, \t\t\t\t\tIthaca, NY, USA"}]}],"member":"101","reference":[{"key":"c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11002-014-9296-z"},{"key":"c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2753\/JOA0091-3367400207"},{"key":"c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.49.6.1621"},{"key":"c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.87.3.340"},{"key":"c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.87.5.573"},{"key":"c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.63.4.596"},{"key":"c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2014.00944"},{"key":"c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2012.07.023"},{"key":"c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1083-6101.1997.tb00070.x"},{"key":"c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15327825MCS0403_01"},{"key":"c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3059454.3078856"},{"key":"c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/ppm0000170"},{"key":"c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.87.3.327"},{"key":"c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5195\/jmla.2017.88"},{"key":"c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15213260802669474"},{"key":"c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1162\/pres.18.4.294"},{"key":"c17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.57.3.399"},{"key":"c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430205051060"},{"key":"c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.78.2.211"},{"key":"c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Gisbergen, M. 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