{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T15:23:58Z","timestamp":1776093838614,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Hogrefe Publishing Group","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Media Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Abstract: Inoculation theory was introduced 60\u00a0years ago, after McGuire and Papageorgis (1961) published their first study on how resistance to persuasion can be induced. They demonstrated that people who are pre-exposed to weakened arguments against an attitude or position they currently hold (i.e., inoculated) are less affected by a subsequent strong counter-attitudinal message than people who are pre-exposed to arguments consistent with their attitude (i.e., supportive defense treatment) or to no arguments. Although these results significantly impacted both science and practice on a general level, rigid tests of the key theoretical propositions are lacking. We conducted a highly powered replication study ( N\u00a0=\u00a0679) and found that an inoculation treatment is more effective in increasing resistance toward persuasion compared to a supportive defense treatment and a no-treatment control condition. Our results were mostly consistent with McGuire and Papageorgis\u2019s original work. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000396","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,13]],"date-time":"2023-09-13T12:10:08Z","timestamp":1694607008000},"page":"69-78","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Sixty Years Later"],"prefix":"10.1027","volume":"36","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3399-5932","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Marieke L.","family":"Fransen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Behavioural Science Institute, Department of \t\t\t\t\tCommunication Science, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8383-4999","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Saar","family":"Mollen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR), \t\t\t\t\tUniversity of Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stephan A.","family":"Rains","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication, University of Arizona, \t\t\t\t\tTucson, AZ, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0367-6757","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Enny","family":"Das","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Language Studies, Department of Language \t\t\t\t\tand Communication, Radboud University, The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ivar","family":"Vermeulen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Communication Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, \t\t\t\t\t\tThe Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"101","reference":[{"key":"c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15205436.2018.1530792"},{"key":"c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1509\/jppm.23.2.193.51400"},{"key":"c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.1919"},{"key":"c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03637751003758193"},{"key":"c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08934215.2022.2048877"},{"key":"c6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boerman, S.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tC. & van\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tReijmersdal, E.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA. (2020). \t\t\t\t\t\tInforming consumers about \u201chidden\u201d advertising: \t\t\t\t\t\tA literature review of the effects of disclosing sponsored \t\t\t\t\t\tcontent. In P. De Pelsmacker \t\t\t\t\t\t(Ed.), Advertising in new \t\t\t\t\t\t\tformats and media: Current research and implications for \t\t\t\t\t\t\tmarketers (pp. \t\t\t\t\t\t115\u2013146). \t\t\t\t\t\tEmerald. http:\/\/www.emeraldgrouppublishing.com\/products\/books\/notable\/page.htm?id=9781785603136","DOI":"10.1108\/978-1-78560-313-620151005"},{"key":"c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.07.063"},{"key":"c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ps.32.020181.002041"},{"key":"c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2885.2011.01391.x"},{"key":"c10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Compton,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ. \t\t\t\t\t\t(2000). Inoculation theory. In \t\t\t\t\t\tJ.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tP. Dillard, & \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tL. 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J., \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tGiesbers,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH., \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHament,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJ.M., \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tvan Vliet, J.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tA., \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tDrijfhout, I.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH., \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tHirschberg,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tH. & \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tde Melker, H.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tE. (2022). \t\t\t\t\t\t\tVaccinatiegraad en jaarverslag Rijksvaccinatieprogramma \t\t\t\t\t\t\t2021 [Vaccination coverage and annual report vaccination program the \t\t\t\t\t\tNetherlands 2021]. Rijksinstituut voor \t\t\t\t\t\tVolksgezondheid en Milieu (RIVM)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Media Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/econtent.hogrefe.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000396","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,23]],"date-time":"2024-02-23T12:31:54Z","timestamp":1708691514000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/econtent.hogrefe.com\/doi\/10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000396"}},"subtitle":["A Replication Study of McGuire\u2019s First Inoculation \t\t\t\t\tExperiment"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000396"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000396","relation":{},"ISSN":["1864-1105","2151-2388"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1864-1105","type":"print"},{"value":"2151-2388","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,1]]}}}