{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T13:25:39Z","timestamp":1782134739883,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Hogrefe Publishing Group","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,1]],"date-time":"2024-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1730419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Media Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Abstract: There has been substantial scholarly effort to (a) investigate the psychological underpinnings of why individuals believe in misinformation, and (b) develop interventions that hamper their acceptance and spread. However, there is a lack of systematic integration of these two research lines. We conducted a systematic scoping review of empirically tested psychological interventions (N = 176) to counteract misinformation. We developed an intervention map and analyzed boosting, inoculation, identity management, nudging, and fact-checking interventions as well as various subdimensions. We further examined how these interventions are theoretically derived from the two most prominent psychological accounts for misinformation susceptibility: classical and motivated reasoning. We find that the majority of misinformation studies examined fact-checking interventions, are poorly linked to basic psychological theory and not geared towards reducing motivated reasoning. Based on this, we outline future research avenues for effective psychological countermeasures against misinformation. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,23]],"date-time":"2024-01-23T12:16:49Z","timestamp":1706012209000},"page":"397-409","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Psychological Underpinnings of Misinformation Countermeasures"],"prefix":"10.1027","volume":"36","author":[{"given":"Carolin-Theresa","family":"Ziemer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Communication Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Rothmund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Communication Science, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"101","reference":[{"key":"c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37016\/mr-2020-119"},{"key":"c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/21670811.2020.1847674"},{"key":"c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abl3844"},{"key":"c4","volume-title":"Information literacy competency standards for higher education","author":"Association for College and Research Libraries (ACRL)","year":"2000"},{"key":"c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/fi13030060"},{"key":"c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055421000459"},{"key":"c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5334\/joc.91"},{"key":"c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253717"},{"key":"c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.13021\/itlcp.2019.2502"},{"key":"c10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11109-020-09591-9"},{"key":"c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hcr\/hqy001"},{"key":"c12","first-page":"1263","volume":"15","author":"Chen C.-Y.","year":"2021","journal-title":"International Journal of Communication Systems"},{"key":"c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20531680211014980"},{"key":"c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/hcr\/hqaa010"},{"key":"c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0175799"},{"key":"c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.37016\/mr-2020-001"},{"issue":"2","key":"c17","first-page":"1","volume":"51","author":"Farag\u00f3 L.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Social Psychology"},{"key":"c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.giq.2021.101591"},{"key":"c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jcmc\/zmz012"},{"key":"c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2021.1870389"},{"key":"c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3916\/C69-2021-06"},{"key":"c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1920498117"},{"key":"c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247487"},{"key":"c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.36850\/e12"},{"key":"c25","volume-title":"Misinformation and \u201cfake news\u201d: Final report","author":"House of Commons","year":"2019"},{"key":"c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1912436117"},{"key":"c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2020.1851390"},{"key":"c28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cyber.2020.0174"},{"key":"c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10570314.2014.943423"},{"key":"c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3449092"},{"key":"c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jasp.12453"},{"key":"c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Jonas, E., McGregor, I., Klackl, J., Agroskin, D., Fritsche, I., Holbrook, C., Nash, K., Proulx, T. & Quirin, M. (2014). Threat and defense: From anxiety to approach. In M. P. Zanna, & J. M. Olson (Eds.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 49, pp. 219\u2013286). Elsevier. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-12-800052-6.00004-4","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800052-6.00004-4"},{"key":"c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764219869406"},{"key":"c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305121988928"},{"key":"c35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kahan, D. M. (2015). The politically motivated reasoning paradigm, part 1: What politically motivated reasoning is and how to measure it. In R. A. Scott, S. M. Kosslyn, & N. Pinkerton (Eds.), Emerging trends in the social and behavioral sciences: An interdisciplinary, searchable, and linkable resource (pp. 1\u201316). John Wiley & Sons.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118900772.etrds0417"},{"key":"c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.25300\/MISQ\/2019\/15188"},{"key":"c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07421222.2019.1628921"},{"key":"c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0256575"},{"key":"c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1529100620946707"},{"key":"c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.108.3.480"},{"key":"c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Lewandowsky, S., Cook, J., Ecker, U. K. H., Albarrac\u00edn, D., Amazeen, M. A., Kendeou, P., Lombardi, D., Newman, E. J., Pennycook, G., Porter, E., Rand, D. G., Rapp, D. N., Reifler, J., Roozenbeek, J., Schmid, P., Seifert, C. M., Sinatra, G. M., Swire-Thompson, B., van der Linden, S., Vraga, E. K. \u2026 Zaragoza, M. S. (2020). The debunking handbook 2020. https:\/\/sks.to\/db2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17910\/b7.1182","DOI":"10.17910\/b7.1182"},{"key":"c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jarmac.2017.07.008"},{"key":"c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41562-020-0889-7"},{"key":"c44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1075547018804826"},{"key":"c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/XPS.2020.46"},{"key":"c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2020.112790"},{"key":"c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2342313"},{"key":"c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17645\/mac.v9i1.3519"},{"key":"c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2019.103711"},{"key":"c50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bjep.12279"},{"key":"c51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"McGuire, W. J. (1964). Inducing resistance to persuasion: Some contemporary approaches. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 1, pp. 191\u2013229). Academic Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60052-0","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60052-0"},{"key":"c52","volume-title":"Report on the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 presidential election","author":"Mueller R. S.","year":"2019"},{"key":"c53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/info12050201"},{"key":"c54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17457289.2018.1465061"},{"key":"c55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797620939054"},{"key":"c56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2021.02.007"},{"key":"c57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jesp.2015.06.007"},{"key":"c58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Petty, R. E. & Cacioppo, J. T. (1986). The elaboration likelihood model of persuasion. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 19, pp. 123\u2013205). Academic Press. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60214-2","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2601(08)60214-2"},{"key":"c59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01463370600650845"},{"key":"c60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0181368"},{"key":"c61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13669877.2018.1443491"},{"issue":"2","key":"c62","first-page":"174","volume":"11","author":"Rustan A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Social Studies Education Research"},{"key":"c63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430221996818"},{"key":"c64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/MIPR.2018.00092"},{"key":"c65","volume-title":"Nudge: Improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness","author":"Thaler R. H.","year":"2008"},{"key":"c66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdata.2019.00011"},{"key":"c67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wcc.665"},{"key":"c68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tea.21696"},{"key":"c69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5210\/bsi.v27i0.9127"},{"key":"c70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15205436.2019.1604970"},{"key":"c71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sipr.12077"},{"key":"c72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-022-01713-6"},{"key":"c73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/gch2.201600008"},{"key":"c74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10410236.2021.1910165"},{"key":"c75","volume-title":"Information disorder: Toward an interdisciplinary framework for research and policymaking (Council of Europe report DGI(2017)09)","author":"Wardle C.","year":"2017"},{"key":"c76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119714491"},{"key":"c77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2020.101456"},{"key":"c78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/opis-2019-0012"},{"key":"c79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10810730.2021.1950873"},{"key":"c80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compedu.2020.104057"},{"key":"c81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2021.100881"},{"key":"c82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444820908530"},{"key":"c83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ziemer, C.T. & Rothmund, T. (2023). Psychological Underpinnings of Disinformation Countermeasures: A systematic scoping review [Data, materials]. https:\/\/osf.io\/6sf9z","DOI":"10.31234\/osf.io\/scq5v"}],"container-title":["Journal of Media Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/econtent.hogrefe.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000407","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,5]],"date-time":"2024-11-05T12:31:34Z","timestamp":1730809894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/econtent.hogrefe.com\/doi\/10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000407"}},"subtitle":["A Systematic Scoping Review"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000407"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000407","relation":{},"ISSN":["1864-1105","2151-2388"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1864-1105","type":"print"},{"value":"2151-2388","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}}}