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Our analysis confirmed the effectiveness of TPB-based interventions, with a mean effect size of .50 for changes in behavior and effect sizes ranging from .14 to .68 for changes in antecedent variables (behavioral, normative, and control beliefs, attitude, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and intention). Further analyses revealed that the interventions\u2019 effectiveness varied for the diverse behavior change methods. In addition, interventions conducted in public and with groups were more successful than interventions in private locations or focusing on individuals. Finally, we identified gender and education as well as behavioral domain as moderators of the interventions\u2019 effectiveness. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1027\/2151-2604\/a000255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,28]],"date-time":"2016-10-28T10:08:12Z","timestamp":1477649292000},"page":"216-233","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":355,"title":["How Effective are Behavior Change Interventions Based on the Theory \t\t\t\t\tof Planned Behavior?"],"prefix":"10.1027","volume":"224","author":[{"given":"Holger","family":"Steinmetz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of International Business Studies, \t\t\t\t\tUniversity of Paderborn, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Knappstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schumpeter School of Business and Economics, \t\t\t\t\tWuppertal University, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Icek","family":"Ajzen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, \t\t\t\t\tUniversity of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Social Science, University of Giessen, \t\t\t\t\t\tGermany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R\u00fcdiger","family":"Kabst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Management, University of Paderborn, \t\t\t\t\t\tGermany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"101","reference":[{"key":"c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0278-6133.27.3.379"},{"key":"c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0749-5978(91)90020-T"},{"key":"c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/J.1559-1816.2002.Tb00236.X"},{"key":"c4","unstructured":"Ajzen,\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tI. \t\t\t\t\t\t(2012). 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