{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T17:29:11Z","timestamp":1772904551626,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Hogrefe Publishing Group","issue":"5","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Crisis"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Abstract. Background: Police officers, as first responders to difficult situations with ready access to firearms, are frequently considered to be at increased suicide risk. Aims: We aimed to calculate the suicide rate for male officers of the Portuguese National Police (PSP) and compare it with the Portuguese general population. Method: Retrospective review of the PSP male officers' suicides between 2005 and 2014 and comparison with the suicide rate for the general Portuguese population, adjusted for sex and age. Results: A total of 39 suicides were identified, with 34 using a firearm \u2013 mostly the service one (30 cases). The average truncated (20\u201359 years) suicide rate for male officers was 20.6 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI =14.2\u201327.1). Over the same period, the rate for the general Portuguese population was 13.9 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI = 13.5\u201314.3). The standardized rate ratio was 1.5 (95% CI = 0.9\u20132.4). Limitations: Despite the 10-year period of observation, this is a small sample and there are issues with missing data, such as lack of information for retired or dismissed police officers. Denominators were converted to estimates of person-years observations and we should be mindful of the limitations in the validity of the reported rates. Conclusion: Portuguese male police officers mostly die by suicide using service firearms. The suicide rates among them were not statistically different from those of the sex- and age-adjusted general population. However, given that police officers are healthy workers, we would expect lower rates \u2013 thus, similar rates could suggest an increased risk in the study sample. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1027\/0227-5910\/a000570","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,15]],"date-time":"2019-01-15T16:24:58Z","timestamp":1547569498000},"page":"360-364","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Suicides of Male Portuguese Police Officers \u2013 10 years of National                     Data"],"prefix":"10.1027","volume":"40","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3666-7531","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tiago","family":"Costa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Northumberland, Tyne and Wear NHS                     Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK"}]},{"given":"Fernando","family":"Passos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychology Unit of the Portuguese National                     Police, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Queiros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Psychology and Education                     Sciences, University of Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"101","reference":[{"key":"c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-015-1119-x"},{"key":"c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15614263.2010.496568"},{"key":"c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/13639511311302498"},{"key":"c4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2016.03.041"},{"key":"c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10439463.2017.1342644"},{"key":"c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2785\/11470"},{"key":"c7","unstructured":"Eurostat. (2013).                             Causes of death (hlth_cdeath) \u2013 National Reference                             Metadata in ESS Standard for Quality Reports Structure                         (ESQRS). Retrieved from http:\/\/ec.europa.eu\/eurostat\/cache\/metadata\/EN\/hlth_cdeath_esqrs_pt.htm"},{"key":"c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.2017.1335686"},{"key":"c9","unstructured":"French government forced to act after new wave of police                             suicides. (2017,                         November). The local                         France. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.thelocal.fr\/20171113\/france-hit-by-wave-of-police-suicides-again"},{"key":"c10","volume-title":"Police suicide: Tactics for prevention.","author":"Hackett D. P.","year":"2003"},{"key":"c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1521\/suli.31.2.224.21513"},{"key":"c12","volume-title":"D\u00e9pister les risques psychosociaux: des indicateurs pour vous guider (ED 6012)","author":"Institut National de Recherche et de Securit\u00e9 (INRS)","year":"2017"},{"key":"c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/0227-5910\/a000033"},{"key":"c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.159.12.2069"},{"key":"c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.113.128405"},{"key":"c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/0227-5910\/a000125"},{"issue":"1","key":"c17","first-page":"31","volume":"15","author":"O'Hara A. F.","year":"2013","journal-title":"International Journal of Emergency Mental Health"},{"key":"c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0019-5278.55123"},{"key":"c19","volume-title":"Suicide prevention for police officers.","author":"Salvatore T.","year":"2009"},{"key":"c20","volume-title":"Suicide and law enforcement.","author":"Sheehan D. C.","year":"2001"},{"key":"c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2015.12.002"},{"key":"c22","unstructured":"Statistics Portugal.                     (2017). \u00d3bitos (N.\u00b0) por Local de                             resid\u00eancia (NUTS \u2013 2013), Sexo, Grupo et\u00e1rio e Causa de morte                             (Lista sucinta europeia); Anual [Deaths (number) by place of residence (NUTS - 2013), Sex, Age                         group and Cause of death (European shortlist); Annual].                         Retrieved from https:\/\/www.ine.pt\/xportal\/xmain?xpid=INE&xpgid=ine_indicadores&indOcorr\u200bCod=0008206&contexto=bd&selTab=tab2"},{"key":"c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4314\/ajpsy.v16i1.3"},{"key":"c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0b013e328305e4c1"},{"key":"c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajim.20863"},{"key":"c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.12.014"},{"key":"c27","volume-title":"Public safety suicide: The human dimension.","author":"van Haute M.","year":"2015"},{"issue":"4","key":"c28","first-page":"299","volume":"10","author":"Violanti J. M.","year":"2008","journal-title":"International Journal of Emergency Mental Health"},{"key":"c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/13639511011044885"},{"key":"c30","first-page":"33","volume":"4","author":"Violanti J. 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