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Therefore, tES-induced effects may not be the same across the lifespan. In this review we summarize the effects of tES, including tDCS, tACS, and tRNS, on clinical outcomes in several neuropsychiatric conditions, using a framework in which studies are organized according to the age of subjects. The use of tES in neuropsychiatric disorders has yielded promising results with mild, if any, adverse effects. Most of the published studies with tES have been conducted with tDCS in adult population. Future studies should focus on interventions guided by surrogate outcomes of neuroplasticity. A better understanding of neuroplasticity across the lifespan will help optimize current tES stimulation parameters, especially for use with children and elderly populations. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,23]],"date-time":"2016-03-23T11:41:12Z","timestamp":1458733272000},"page":"78-95","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) for the Treatment of \t\t\t\t\tNeuropsychiatric Disorders Across Lifespan"],"prefix":"10.1027","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Carolina","family":"P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Spaulding Neuromodulation Center, Department of \t\t\t\t\tPhysical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Spaulding Rehabilitation Hospital and \t\t\t\t\tMassachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA"}]},{"given":"Jorge","family":"Leite","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Spaulding Neuromodulation 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