{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,6]],"date-time":"2026-03-06T12:08:02Z","timestamp":1772798882931,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Hogrefe Publishing Group","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Psychologist"],"abstract":"<jats:p> Abstract: The digitalization of psychological assessment has introduced new paradigms in the collection, processing, and analysis of data. This paper explores the transformation of psychological testing and assessment in the context of digital footprints and the rise of machine learning (ML) tools. The emergence of smartphones, wearables, and social media platforms has allowed for the collection of passive data, significantly impacting how psychological states are evaluated. This shift offers enhanced insights into personality traits and psychological symptoms, while reducing reliance on traditional self-report methods. However, the use of machine learning to interpret large volumes of behavioral data raises concerns about ethical implications, particularly regarding privacy, consent, and algorithmic transparency. Furthermore, methodological challenges, such as the reliability and validity of AI-based assessments, complicate the integration of these tools into mainstream psychological practice. This paper aims to critically evaluate the benefits and limitations of digital footprints and ML in psychological assessment, emphasizing the need for ethical frameworks and robust methodologies to ensure their effective and safe implementation. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000549","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T08:51:31Z","timestamp":1745484691000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Digital Footprints and Machine Learning in Psychological Assessment"],"prefix":"10.1027","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1766-4818","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Renato Gomes","family":"Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Secretaria Regional de Educa\u00e7\u00e3o, Ci\u00eancia e Tecnologia, Madeira, Portugal"},{"name":"Universidade Aut\u00f3noma de Lisboa, Portugal"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4602-7404","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Castro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Universidade da Maia, Portugal"}]}],"member":"101","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0266516"},{"key":"c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/electronics11071111"},{"key":"c3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2305"},{"key":"c4","volume-title":"Personality: A psychological interpretation","author":"Allport G. W.","year":"1937"},{"key":"c5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/39387"},{"key":"c6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916221091833"},{"key":"c7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868318772990"},{"key":"c8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19169960"},{"key":"c9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108201"},{"key":"c10","volume-title":"Presta\u00e7\u00e3o de Servi\u00e7os de Psicologia Mediada por Tecnologias da Informa\u00e7\u00e3o e da Comunica\u00e7\u00e3o - Linhas de Orienta\u00e7\u00e3o para a Pr\u00e1tica Profissional","author":"Carvalho R. G.","year":"2020"},{"key":"c11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10447318.2022.2062855"},{"key":"c12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.586379"},{"key":"c13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1145\/3422821"},{"key":"c14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02310555"},{"key":"c15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/09637214211056906"},{"key":"c16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/\/1015-5759.17.3.187"},{"key":"c17","volume-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-5 Disorders\u2013Clinician Version (SCID-5-RV)","author":"First M. B.","year":"2015"},{"key":"c18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10508422.2020.1817026"},{"key":"c19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000714"},{"key":"c20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.746626"},{"key":"c21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/bs14020102"},{"key":"c22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797619849435"},{"key":"c23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-021-01683-6"},{"key":"c24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2022.931646"},{"key":"c25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dad2.12305"},{"key":"c26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1027\/1015-5759\/a000532"},{"key":"c27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691620902467"},{"key":"c28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jin, Z. X., Plocher, T. & Kiff, L. (2007). Touch screen user interfaces for older adults: button size and spacing BT - Universal Acess in Human Computer Interaction. In C. Stephanidis (Ed.), Coping with Diversity (pp. 933\u2013941). Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-540-73279-2_104"},{"key":"c29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.13258"},{"key":"c30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S339412"},{"key":"c31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20010"},{"key":"c32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/21677026231217316"},{"key":"c33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40337-021-00504-7"},{"key":"c34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0034547"},{"key":"c35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.895860"},{"key":"c36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0029458"},{"key":"c37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Markopoulos, P., Read, J. C. & Giannakos, M. (2021). Design of digital technologies for children. In G. Salvendy, & W. Karwowski (Eds.), Handbook of human factors and ergonomics (pp. 1287\u20131304).  https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/9781119636113.ch49","DOI":"10.1002\/9781119636113.ch49"},{"key":"c38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/27343"},{"key":"c39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.093008.100507"},{"key":"c40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201600541"},{"key":"c41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.comppsych.2017.01.018"},{"key":"c42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2021.625247"},{"key":"c43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1413\u20138271202126nesp03"},{"key":"c44","volume-title":"C\u00f3digo Deontol\u00f3gico da Ordem dos Psic\u00f3logos Portugueses (vers\u00e3o consolidada) [Code of Ethics of the Order of Portuguese Psychologists]","author":"Ordem dos Psic\u00f3logos Portugueses","year":"2021"},{"key":"c45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/mac0000189"},{"key":"c46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17456916231214460"},{"key":"c47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.36113"},{"key":"c48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2310"},{"key":"c49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2309"},{"key":"c50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23923\/pap.psicol.2984"},{"key":"c51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11195616"},{"key":"c52","unstructured":"Savickas, M. L. (2005). The theory and practice of career construction. In S. D. Brown, & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Career development and counseling: Putting theory and research to work (pp. 42\u201370). John Wiley & Sons Inc."},{"key":"c53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjhci-2020\u2013100253"},{"key":"c54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2021.662811"},{"key":"c55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1920484117"},{"key":"c56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/per.2257"},{"key":"c57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40614-022-00339-w"},{"key":"c58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajr.12574"},{"key":"c59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/25152459211061337"},{"key":"c60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20883"},{"key":"c61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1140\/epjds\/s13688\u2013021-00281-y"},{"key":"c62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000374"},{"key":"c63","volume-title":"Handbook of personality assessment","author":"Weiner I. B.","year":"2017","edition":"2"},{"key":"c64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fdgth.2021.697072"},{"key":"c65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-102419-125032"},{"key":"c66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10731911211067538"},{"key":"c67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.future.2022.02.010"},{"key":"c68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.811665"}],"container-title":["European Psychologist"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/econtent.hogrefe.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000549","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]],"date-time":"2025-04-24T08:51:36Z","timestamp":1745484696000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/econtent.hogrefe.com\/doi\/10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000549"}},"subtitle":["Challenges and Ethical Implications"],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"references-count":68,"alternative-id":["10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000549"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1027\/1016-9040\/a000549","relation":{},"ISSN":["1016-9040","1878-531X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1016-9040","type":"print"},{"value":"1878-531X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,24]]},"article-number":"1016-9040\/a000549"}}