{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T04:35:39Z","timestamp":1777091739468,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Hogrefe Publishing Group","issue":"1","content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Media Psychology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p> Abstract. The study of spatial presence is currently receiving increased attention in both media psychology and communication research. The present paper introduces the Spatial Presence Experience Scale (SPES), a short eight-item self-report measure. The SPES is derived from a process model of spatial presence ( Wirth et al., 2007 , Media Psychology, 9, 493\u2013525), and assesses spatial presence as a two-dimensional construct that comprises a user\u2019s self-location and perceived possible actions in a media environment. The SPES is shorter than many other available spatial presence scales, and can be conveniently applied to diverse media settings. Two studies are reported (N<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a0290, N<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a0395) that confirm sound psychometric qualities for the SPES. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1027\/1864-1105\/a000137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,3]],"date-time":"2015-02-03T03:06:46Z","timestamp":1422932806000},"page":"1-15","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":239,"title":["The Spatial Presence Experience Scale (SPES)"],"prefix":"10.1027","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Tilo","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Communication Science, VU University \t\t\t\t\tAmsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands"}]},{"given":"Werner","family":"Wirth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Mass Communication and Media Research, \t\t\t\t\tUniversity of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Holger","family":"Schramm","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Human-Computer-Media, University of \t\t\t\t\tW\u00fcrzburg, W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Klimmt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hanover University of Music, Drama, and Media, \t\t\t\t\t\tHanover, Germany"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Vorderer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Media and Communication Studies, \t\t\t\t\tUniversity of Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany"}]},{"given":"Andr\u00e9","family":"Gysbers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wink Stanzwerkzeuge, Neuenhaus, Germany"}]},{"given":"Saskia","family":"B\u00f6cking","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Energy Enterprise, Bern, Switzerland"}]},{"given":"Niklas","family":"Ravaja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Social Research, University of \t\t\t\t\tHelsinki, Helsinki, Finland"}]},{"given":"Jari","family":"Laarni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, \t\t\t\t\t\tEspoo, Finland"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Saari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pervasive Computing, Tampere \t\t\t\t\tUniversity of Technology, Tampere, Finland"}]},{"given":"Feliz","family":"Gouveia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Science and Technology, University \t\t\t\t\tFernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Maria Sacau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Human and Social Sciences, University \t\t\t\t\tFernando Pessoa, Porto, Portugal"}]}],"member":"101","reference":[{"key":"c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cpb.2006.9.30"},{"key":"c2","volume-title":"Handbook of marketing scales","author":"Bearden W. 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