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Second, we examine in more depth a new, increasingly important high performance work practice: Employee involvement in organizational leadership (EIOL). This approach is built on theories focusing on organizational participation, shared leadership, and organizational democracy. We also illustrate recently constructed measurement instruments for assessing these constructs. This synopsis leads us to the development of a new integrative, multilevel model of EIOL. The model includes several mediator (e.g., knowledge exchange) and moderator variables (e.g., self-leadership competencies of actors) that explain why and when this approach is effective. We conclude that future research should focus on cross-level interactions of different forms of organizational participation, shared leadership, and organizational democracy, and seek to identify the processes mediating their interplay. <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1027\/1866-5888\/a000025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,12]],"date-time":"2011-02-12T02:20:04Z","timestamp":1297477204000},"page":"154-171","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Promoting Work Motivation in Organizations"],"prefix":"10.1027","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"J\u00fcrgen","family":"Wegge","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Dresden, Germany"}]},{"given":"Hans Jeppe","family":"Jeppesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Wolfgang G.","family":"Weber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leopold Franzens University, Innsbruck, Austria"}]},{"given":"Craig L.","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA"}]},{"given":"Silvia A.","family":"Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIS, ISCTE, IUL Lisbon University Institute, Lisbon, Portugal"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Pundt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Rostock, Germany"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Jonsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aarhus University, Denmark"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Wolf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Dresden, Germany"}]},{"given":"Christina L.","family":"Wassenaar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Claremont University, Claremont, CA, USA"}]},{"given":"Christine","family":"Unterrainer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leopold Franzens University, Innsbruck, Austria"}]},{"given":"Annika","family":"Piecha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Technical University of Dresden, Germany"}]}],"member":"101","reference":[{"key":"c1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2393475"},{"key":"c2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-9010.88.2.234"},{"key":"c3","volume-title":"Advances in Interdisciplinary studies of work teams: Team leadership (pp. 173\u2013209)","author":"Avolio B. 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