{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T01:50:19Z","timestamp":1774749019300,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"C5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[1999,5,15]],"date-time":"1999-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":926726400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,5,15]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>A series of airborne scatterometer experiments designed to collect C and Ku band ocean backscatter data in regions of high ocean surface winds has recently been completed. More than 100 hours of data were collected using the University of Massachusetts C and Ku band scatterometers, CSCAT and KUSCAT. These instruments measure the full azimuthal normalized radar cross section (NRCS) of a common surface area of the ocean simultaneously at four incidence angles. Our results demonstrate limitations of the current empirical models, C band geophysical model function 4 (CMOD4), SeaSat scatterometer 2 (SASS 2), and NASA scatterometer 1 (NSCAT) 1, that relate ocean backscatter to the near\u2010surface wind at high wind speeds. The discussion focuses on winds in excess of 15 m s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> in clear atmospheric conditions. The scatterometer data are collocated with measurements from ocean data buoys and Global Positioning System dropsondes, and a Fourier analysis is performed as a function of wind regime. A three\u2010term Fourier series is fit to the backscatter data, and a revised set of coefficients is tabulated. These revised models, CMOD4HW and KUSCAT 1, are the basis for a discussion of the NRCS at high wind speeds. Our scatterometer data show a clear overprediction of the derived NRCS response to high winds based on the CMOD4, SASS 2, and NSCAT 1 models. Furthermore, saturation of the NRCS response begins to occur above 15 m s<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. Sensitivity of the upwind and crosswind response is discussed with implications toward high wind speed retrieval.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/1998jc900030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2002,9,17]],"date-time":"2002-09-17T18:13:16Z","timestamp":1032286396000},"page":"11485-11497","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":129,"title":["Revised ocean backscatter models at C and Ku band under high\u2010wind conditions"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"104","author":[{"given":"William J.","family":"Donnelly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Carswell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert E.","family":"McIntosh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul S.","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Wilkerson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Marks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Peter G.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[1999,5,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/5.338074"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JC092iC05p04971"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","unstructured":"Gaffard C. Impact of the ERS\u20101 scatterometer wind data on the ECMWF 3d\u2010var assimilation systemContract 217Eur. Cent. for Medium\u2010Range Weather Forecasts Reading England 1995."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jones W. J.Park W.Donnelly J.Carswell R.McIntosh J.Zec S.Yueh An improved NASA scatterometer geophysical model function for tropical cyclones Proceedings of the International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium 1994\u20131997Inst. of Electr. and Electron. Eng. New York 1998.","DOI":"10.1109\/IGARSS.1998.703719"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","unstructured":"Lecomte P. CMOD4 model descriptionElectrosci. Rep. ER\u2010TN\u2010ESA\u2010GP\u20101120Eur. Space Agency Paris 1993."},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1979.11510"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(1994)011<1002:TCOSSW>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JC091iC09p10735"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-6105(90)90322-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/97JC01911"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96JC02860"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/98JC02148"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JC089iC03p03689"}],"container-title":["Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1029%2F1998JC900030","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/1998JC900030","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,22]],"date-time":"2023-09-22T23:05:31Z","timestamp":1695423931000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/1998JC900030"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[1999,5,15]]},"references-count":13,"journal-issue":{"issue":"C5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[1999,5,15]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/1998JC900030"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/1998jc900030","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-0227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0227","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[1999,5,15]]}}}