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In addition to the 14 large plates whose motion was described by the NUVEL\u20101A poles (Africa, Antarctica, Arabia, Australia, Caribbean, Cocos, Eurasia, India, Juan de Fuca, Nazca, North America, Pacific, Philippine Sea, South America), model PB2002 includes 38 small plates (Okhotsk, Amur, Yangtze, Okinawa, Sunda, Burma, Molucca Sea, Banda Sea, Timor, Birds Head, Maoke, Caroline, Mariana, North Bismarck, Manus, South Bismarck, Solomon Sea, Woodlark, New Hebrides, Conway Reef, Balmoral Reef, Futuna, Niuafo'ou, Tonga, Kermadec, Rivera, Galapagos, Easter, Juan Fernandez, Panama, North Andes, Altiplano, Shetland, Scotia, Sandwich, Aegean Sea, Anatolia, Somalia), for a total of 52 plates. No attempt is made to divide the Alps\u2010Persia\u2010Tibet mountain belt, the Philippine Islands, the Peruvian Andes, the Sierras Pampeanas, or the California\u2010Nevada zone of dextral transtension into plates; instead, they are designated as \u201corogens\u201d in which this plate model is not expected to be accurate. The cumulative\u2010number\/area distribution for this model follows a power law for plates with areas between 0.002 and 1 steradian. Departure from this scaling at the small\u2010plate end suggests that future work is very likely to define more very small plates within the orogens. The model is presented in four digital files: a set of plate boundary segments; a set of plate outlines; a set of outlines of the orogens; and a table of characteristics of each digitization step along plate boundaries, including estimated relative velocity vector and classification into one of 7 types (continental convergence zone, continental transform fault, continental rift, oceanic spreading ridge, oceanic transform fault, oceanic convergent boundary, subduction zone). Total length, mean velocity, and total rate of area production\/destruction are computed for each class; the global rate of area production and destruction is 0.108 m<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\/s, which is higher than in previous models because of the incorporation of back\u2010arc spreading.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2001gc000252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,23]],"date-time":"2003-05-23T18:26:56Z","timestamp":1053714416000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2149,"title":["An updated digital model of plate boundaries"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"4","author":[{"given":"Peter","family":"Bird","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Space Sciences University of California  Los Angeles California 90095 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/TC002i001p00001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1130\/0091-7613(2002)030<0411:HMP>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JB080i029p04043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JB091iB02p02005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"Anonymous Digital Relief of the Earth Data Announcement[CD\u2010ROM] 88\u2010MGG\u201002 Natl. 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