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These 7\u2010year\u2010long observations offer a new capability for interpretation of major transient and quasi\u2010permanent features of the upper layer circulation. The instantaneous flow fields involve a complex, eddy\u2010dominated system with different types of structural organizations in which the eddies and the gyres of the interior cyclonic cell interact continuously among themselves and with meanders, and filaments of the Rim Current. The circulation possesses a distinct seasonal cycle whose major characteristic features repeat every year with some year\u2010to\u2010year variability. An organized two\u2010gyre winter circulation system disintegrates gradually into a series of interconnecting eddies in the summer and autumn months, which are also characterized by more pronounced and complex mesoscale activity in the peripheral flow system. Our analyses suggest a revised schematic circulation picture of the major quasi\u2010permanent and recurrent elements of the Black Sea.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2002jc001508","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2003,5,23]],"date-time":"2003-05-23T18:26:56Z","timestamp":1053714416000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":150,"title":["Seasonal, interannual, and mesoscale variability of the Black Sea upper layer circulation derived from altimeter data"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"108","author":[{"given":"Gennady","family":"Korotaev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Hydrophysical Institute National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine  Sevastopol Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"T.","family":"Oguz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Marine Sciences Middle East Technical University  Erdemli Turkey"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Nikiforov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Hydrophysical Institute National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine  Sevastopol Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Koblinsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"NASA Goddard Space Flight Center  Greenbelt Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2003,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"E. 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