{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T03:37:54Z","timestamp":1768966674310,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"B2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,28]],"date-time":"2004-02-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1077926400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":27,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Data collected under the auspices of the BIFROST GPS project yield a geographically dense suite of estimates of present\u2010day, three\u2010dimensional (3\u2010D) crustal deformation rates in Fennoscandia [<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#jgrb13892-bib-0009\"><jats:italic>Johansson et al.<\/jats:italic>, 2002<\/jats:ext-link>]. A preliminary forward analysis of these estimates [<jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" xlink:href=\"#jgrb13892-bib-0020\"><jats:italic>Milne et al.<\/jats:italic>, 2001<\/jats:ext-link>] has indicated that models of ongoing glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) in response to the final deglaciation event of the current ice age are able to provide an excellent fit to the observed 3\u2010D velocity field. In this study we revisit our previous GIA analysis by considering a more extensive suite of forward calculations and by performing the first formal joint inversion of the BIFROST rate estimates. To establish insight into the physics of the GIA response in the region, we begin by decomposing a forward prediction into the three contributions associated with the ice, ocean, and rotational forcings. From this analysis we demonstrate that recent advances in postglacial sea level theory, in particular the inclusion of rotational effects and improvements in the treatment of the ocean load in the vicinity of an evolving continental margin, involve peak signals that are larger than the observational uncertainties in the BIFROST network. The forward analysis is completed by presenting predictions for a pair of Fennoscandian ice histories and an extensive suite of viscoelastic Earth models. The former indicates that the BIFROST data set provides a powerful discriminant of such histories. The latter yields bounds on the (assumed constant) upper and lower mantle viscosity (\u03bd<jats:sub>UM<\/jats:sub>, \u03bd<jats:sub>LM<\/jats:sub>); specifically, we derive a 95% confidence interval of 5 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>20<\/jats:sup> \u2264 \u03bd<jats:sub>UM<\/jats:sub> \u2264 10<jats:sup>21<\/jats:sup> Pa s and 5 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>21<\/jats:sup> \u2264 \u03bd<jats:sub>LM<\/jats:sub> \u2264 5 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>22<\/jats:sup> Pa s, with some preference for (elastic) lithospheric thickness in excess of 100 km. The main goal of the (Bayesian) inverse analysis is to estimate the radial resolving power of the BIFROST GPS data as a function of depth in the mantle. Assuming a reasonably accurate ice history, we demonstrate that this resolving power varies from \u223c200 km near the base of the upper mantle to \u223c700 km in the top portion of the lower mantle. We conclude that the BIFROST data are able to resolve structure on radial length scale significantly smaller than a single upper mantle layer. However, these data provide little constraint on viscosity in the bottom half of the mantle. Finally, elements of both the forward and inverse analyses indicate that radial and horizontal velocity estimates provide distinct constraints on mantle viscosity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2003jb002619","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,27]],"date-time":"2004-02-27T21:02:21Z","timestamp":1077915741000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":85,"title":["Continuous GPS measurements of postglacial adjustment in Fennoscandia: 2. Modeling results"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"109","author":[{"given":"Glenn A.","family":"Milne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth Sciences University of Durham  Durham UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jerry X.","family":"Mitrovica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physics University of Toronto  Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hans\u2010Georg","family":"Scherneck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onsala Space Observatory Chalmers University of Technology  Onsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James L.","family":"Davis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard\u2010Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics  Cambridge Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan M.","family":"Johansson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Onsala Space Observatory Chalmers University of Technology  Onsala Sweden"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hannu","family":"Koivula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Finnish Geodetic Institute  Masala Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Vermeer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Geodesy Helsinki University of Technology  Espoo Finland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,2,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"BIFROST Project(1996) GPS measurements to constrain geodynamic processes in Fennoscandia Eos Trans. 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