{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,25]],"date-time":"2026-10-25T05:30:33Z","timestamp":1792906233403,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"B4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,19]],"date-time":"2005-04-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1113868800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The Basel earthquake of 18 October 1356 is considered one of the most serious earthquakes in Europe in recent centuries (<jats:italic>I<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>0<\/jats:sub> = IX, <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic> \u2248 6.5\u20136.9). In this paper we present ground motion simulations for earthquake scenarios for the city of Basel and its vicinity. The numerical modeling combines the finite extent pseudodynamic and kinematic source models with complex local structure in a two\u2010step hybrid three\u2010dimensional (3\u2010D) finite difference (FD) method. The synthetic seismograms are accurate in the frequency band 0\u20132.2 Hz. The 3\u2010D FD is a linear explicit displacement formulation using an irregular rectangular grid including topography. The finite extent rupture model is adjacent to the free surface because the fault has been recognized through trenching on the Reinach fault. We test two source models reminiscent of past earthquakes (the 1999 Athens and the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake) to represent <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> \u2248 5.9 and <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>w<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> \u2248 6.5 events that occur approximately to the south of Basel. To compare the effect of the same wave field arriving at the site from other directions, we considered the same sources placed east and west of the city. The local structural model is determined from the area's recently established <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic> wave velocity structure and includes topography. The selected earthquake scenarios show strong ground motion amplification with respect to a bedrock site, which is in contrast to previous 2\u2010D simulations for the same area. In particular, we found that the edge effects from the 3\u2010D structural model depend strongly on the position of the earthquake source within the modeling domain.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2004jb003188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,18]],"date-time":"2005-04-18T21:18:29Z","timestamp":1113859109000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Deterministic earthquake scenario for the Basel area: Simulating strong motions and site effects for Basel, Switzerland"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"110","author":[{"given":"Ivo","family":"Opr\u0161al","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Seismological Service, ETH\u2010Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donat","family":"F\u00e4h","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Seismological Service, ETH\u2010Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"P. Martin","family":"Mai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Seismological Service, ETH\u2010Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domenico","family":"Giardini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Swiss Seismological Service, ETH\u2010Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2005,4,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","unstructured":"N. Ambraseys P. Smit R. Berardi D. Rinaldis F. Cotton C. Berge\u2010Thierry 2000 Eur. Counc. Environ. and Clim. Res. Programme Brussels"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/0120010251"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0710040959"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"O. Coutant 1989 Lab. de Geophys. Interne et Tectonophys. Univ. Joseph Fourier Grenoble France"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"383","article-title":"A hybrid method for the estimation of ground motion in sedimentary basins: Quantitative modeling for Mexico City","volume":"84","author":"F\u00e4h D.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1009774423900"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0267-7261(01)00023-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00015\u2010003\u20101087\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0860041091"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/0120020006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/0120040037"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","first-page":"1721","article-title":"Estimation of strong motion in broad\u2010frequency band based on a seismic source scaling model and an empirical Green's function technique","volume":"37","author":"Irikura K.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Ann. Geofis."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"K. Irikura K. Kudo H. Okada T. Sasatani 1999 A. A. Balkema Brookfield Vt"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","unstructured":"I. Kalogeras G. Stavrakakis 1999 Geodyn. Inst. Natl. Obs. of Athens Athens Greece"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","unstructured":"Kind F.(2002) Development of microzonation methods: Application to Basel Switzerland Ph.D. thesis 14548 ETH Zurich Zurich Switzerland. (available atwww.seismo.ethz.ch\/hazard\/risk\/pdf\/diss_kind.pdf)."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2005.02331.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.2004.02142.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/0119990126"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2001JB000588"},{"issue":"47","key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","article-title":"A stochastic\u2010dynamic earthquake source model for strong motion prediction: Earthquake scenarios on the Hayward\u2010Rodgers\u2010Creek fault system","volume":"82","author":"Mai P. M.","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eos Trans. AGU"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/0120010126"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1010618"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","first-page":"283","article-title":"Geologische Datenbank der Region Basel","volume":"86","author":"Noack T.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eclogae Geol. Helv."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","unstructured":"T. Noack P. Kruspan D. F\u00e4h E. R\u00fcttener 1999 Bundesamt f\u00fcr Wasser und Geol. Bern Switzerland"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-246X.1984.tb01942.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JB000082"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1021181422709"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","unstructured":"Opr\u0161al I. J.Zahradn\u00edk A.Serpetsidaki andG.\u2010A.Tselenits(2004) 3D hybrid simulation of the source and site effects during the 1999 Athens earthquake paper presented at13th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering Can. Assoc. for Earthquake Eng. Vancouver B. C. Canada 1 \u2013 6 Aug."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","unstructured":"Serpetsidaki A.(2004) Ground motion study of the Attica earthquake of the 7th September 1999 (in Greek) Ph.D. thesis Seismol. Lab. Geol. Dep. Patras Univ. Patras Greece."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/gssrl.70.1.59"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-6142(03)80293-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/0120000264"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/0120010252"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","first-page":"1879","article-title":"Simple elastic finite\u2010difference scheme","volume":"85","author":"Zahradn\u00edk J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","volume-title":"Proceedings of XXVIII General Assembly, 1\u20136 Sept. 2002, Genoa [CD\u2010ROM]","author":"Zahradn\u00edk J.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1382","DOI":"10.1785\/BSSA0800051382","article-title":"Absorption correction for computations of a seismic ground response","volume":"80","author":"Zahradn\u00edk J.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Bull. Seismol. Soc. Am."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02295925"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","unstructured":"Zechner E. F.Kind D.F\u00e4h andP.Huggenberger(2001) 3\u2010D geological model of the southern Rhinegraben compiled on existing geological data and geophysical reference modeling paper presented at the2nd EUCOR\u2010URGENT Workshop Eur. Sci. Found. Strasbourg France 7 \u2013 11 Oct."}],"container-title":["Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1029%2F2004JB003188","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2004JB003188","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,12]],"date-time":"2023-10-12T09:27:26Z","timestamp":1697102846000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2004JB003188"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"references-count":38,"journal-issue":{"issue":"B4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/2004JB003188"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2004jb003188","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0148-0227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0148-0227","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2005,4]]},"article-number":"2004JB003188"}}