{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T15:40:17Z","timestamp":1783698017881,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,6]],"date-time":"2008-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1212710400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":5,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Reviews of Geophysics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Data analysis has been one of the core activities in scientific research, but limited by the availability of analysis methods in the past, data analysis was often relegated to data processing. To accommodate the variety of data generated by nonlinear and nonstationary processes in nature, the analysis method would have to be adaptive. Hilbert\u2010Huang transform, consisting of empirical mode decomposition and Hilbert spectral analysis, is a newly developed adaptive data analysis method, which has been used extensively in geophysical research. In this review, we will briefly introduce the method, list some recent developments, demonstrate the usefulness of the method, summarize some applications in various geophysical research areas, and finally, discuss the outstanding open problems. We hope this review will serve as an introduction of the method for those new to the concepts, as well as a summary of the present frontiers of its applications for experienced research scientists.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2007rg000228","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,5]],"date-time":"2008-06-05T20:25:58Z","timestamp":1212697558000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1511,"title":["A review on Hilbert\u2010Huang transform: Method and its applications to geophysical studies"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Norden E.","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Center for Adaptive Data Analysis National Central University  Chungli Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhaohua","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Ocean\u2010Land\u2010Atmosphere Studies  Calverton Maryland USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL026019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"203","volume-title":"Proceedings of Turbulence 89: Organized Structures and Turbulence in Fluid Mechanics, Grenoble, Sept. 1989","author":"Bacry E.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"91","article-title":"Long\u2010term variations in winter rainfall of southwest Australia and the African monsoon","volume":"54","author":"Baines P. G.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aust. Meteorol. Mag."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520\u20100485(2002)032<3364:MMOOWB>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1983.0050"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1963.2308"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","unstructured":"J. S. Bendat 1990 Wiley Interscience New York"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rse.2005.07.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","unstructured":"R. Carmona W. L. Hwang B. Torresani 1998 Academic San Diego Calif."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/83.862633"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.243.4893.923"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/tal.247"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL012805"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10444\u2010004\u20107614\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0426(2000)017<1153:MTTDCA>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","unstructured":"L. Cohen 1995 Prentice\u2010Hall Englewood Cliffs N. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2003.02.045"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JD004873"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812703347_0007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2005.855548"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.oceaneng.2004.03.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","unstructured":"I. Daubechies 1992 Soc. for Ind. and Appl. Math. Philadelphia Pa."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","unstructured":"C. Diks 1999 World Sci. Singapore"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520\u20100426(2004)021<0599:TAOHTT>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","unstructured":"A. Einstein 1983 Dover Mineola N. Y."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0273-1177(03)00478-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02599"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219691304000561"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/LSP.2003.821662"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812703347_0003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520\u20100485(2004)034<1067:NTITPO>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751\u20108369.1999.tb00289.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2003.811814"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160310001592247"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","article-title":"Combinations of Earth orientation measurements: SPACE2000, COMB2000, and POLE2000","volume":"01","author":"Gross R. S.","year":"2001","journal-title":"JPL Publ."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/96GL03260"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01431160210153110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u2010246X.1998.00648.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0870.2004.00050.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","unstructured":"Huang N. E.(2001) Computer implemented empirical mode decomposition apparatus method and article of manufacture for two\u2010dimensional signals Patent 6311130 U.S. Patent and Trademark Off. Washington D. C."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang N. E.(2005a) Empirical mode decomposition for analyzing acoustical signals Patent 6862558 U.S. Patent and Trademark Off. Washington D. C.","DOI":"10.1121\/1.2040268"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","unstructured":"Huang N. E.(2005b) Computing instantaneous frequency by normalizing Hilbert transform Patent 6901353 U.S. Patent and Trademark Off. Washington D. C."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","unstructured":"Huang N. E.(2006) Computing frequency by using generalized zero\u2010crossing applied to intrinsic mode functions Patent 6990436 U.S. Patent and Trademark Off. Washington D. C."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","unstructured":"N. E. Huang N. O. Attoh\u2010Okine 2005 CRC Press Boca Raton Fla."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","unstructured":"N. E. Huang S. S. P. Shen 2005 World Sci. Singapore"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2156(08)70076-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.1998.0193"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.fluid.31.1.417"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520\u20100485(2000)030<2001:TAOLAC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/0120000735"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2003.1123"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","article-title":"On instantaneous frequency","author":"Huang N. E.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Adapt. Data Anal."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2003.11.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JC003482"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","unstructured":"E. Infeld G. Rowland 1990 Cambridge Univ. Press New York"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00703\u2010004\u20100089\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","first-page":"350","article-title":"Forecasting of seasonal monsoon rainfall at subdivision level","volume":"91","author":"Iyengar R. N.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Sci."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/PhysRevE.71.056126"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_60_1","unstructured":"Kaiser J. F.(1990) On Teager's energy algorithm and its generalization to continuous signals paper presented at4th IEEE Signal Processing Workshop Int. Electr. and Electron. Eng. Mohonk N. Y."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_61_1","unstructured":"H. Kantz T. Schreiber 1997 Cambridge University Press Cambridge U. K."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/322464"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO2755.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cjg2.687"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TGRS.2006.871894"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_66_1","first-page":"971","article-title":"A study on the problem of 100 ka cycle of astroclimatology (in Chinese)","volume":"47","author":"Lin Z. S.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chin. J. Geophys."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00703\u2010005\u20100138\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_68_1","unstructured":"Linderhed A.(2004) Adaptive image compression with wavelet packets and empirical mode decomposition Ph.D. dissertation 226 pp. Dep. of Electr. Eng. Link\u00f6ping Univ. Link\u00f6ping Sweden."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S0219691305000932"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096\u20109845(200006)29:6<867::AID\u2010EQE943>3.0.CO;2\u2010E"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/0120000715"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812703347_0013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520\u20100469(2003)060<2661:IAEIOI>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/78.212729"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/78.277799"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0442(2003)016<3650:AROTMC>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/DDNS\/2006\/45348"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1062"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0262\u20108856(03)00094\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_80_1","series-title":"Lect. Notes Comput. Sci.","first-page":"295","volume-title":"Image Analysis: 13th Scandinavian Conference, SCIA 2003 Halmstad, Sweden, June 29 \u2013 July 2, 2003 Proceedings","author":"Nunes J. C.","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00138\u2010004\u20100170\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/PROC.1966.5138"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2003.1199"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0034\u20104257(02)00073\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GL025670"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/387359a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/20859"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812703347_0008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_89_1","unstructured":"M. B. Priestley 1988 Academic London"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmaa.2005.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mma.721"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.camwa.2006.01.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/0143\u20100807\/26\/5\/024"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520\u20100493(1987)115<2161:AEOTTS>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JC088iC09p05451"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_96_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/npg-9-341-2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1115\/1.1423911"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00365\u2010005\u20100603\u2010z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/hess-9-127-2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365\u20102486.2003.00507.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_101_1","first-page":"62","article-title":"On the application of two\u2010dimensional empirical mode decomposition in the information separation of oceanic remote sensing image (in Chinese)","volume":"11","author":"Song P.","year":"2001","journal-title":"High Technol. Lett."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL011414"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_103_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/joc.1133"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_104_1","unstructured":"H. Tong 1990 Oxford Univ. Press Oxford U.K."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JC002603"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/1999JB900445"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/S057856340200055X"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apor.2004.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_109_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029\u20108018(02)00069\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_110_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1088\/1009\u20101963\/14\/3\/036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_111_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ietfec\/e89-a.9.2415"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_112_1","unstructured":"B. Widrow S. D. Stearns 1985 Prentice Hall Upper Saddle River N. J."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_113_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2004JC002612"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_114_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.optcom.2006.05.069"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_115_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2003.1221"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_116_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1142\/9789812703347_0005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_117_1","unstructured":"Wu Z. andN. E.Huang(2005b) Ensemble empirical mode decomposition: A noise\u2010assisted data analysis method COLATech. Rep. 193 Cent. for Ocean\u2010Land\u2010Atmos. Stud. Calverton Md.(Available atftp:\/\/grads.iges.org\/pub\/ctr\/ctr_193.pdf)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_118_1","article-title":"Ensemble empirical mode decomposition: A noise\u2010assisted data analysis method","author":"Wu Z.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Adapt. Data Anal."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_119_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0701020104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_120_1","unstructured":"Wu Z. E. K.Schneider B. P.Kirtman E. S.Sarachik N. E.Huang andC. J.Tucker(2007b) The modulated annual cycle\u2014An alternative reference frame for climate anomaly COLATech. Rep. 193 Cent. For Ocean\u2010Land\u2010Atmos. Stud. Calverton Md.(Available atftp:\/\/grads.iges.org\/pub\/ctr\/ctr_244.pdf)."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_121_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00382-008-0437-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_122_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00376\u2010002\u20100007\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_123_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1090\/S0002\u20109939\u201006\u201008315\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_124_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2006.1700"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_125_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733\u20109445(2004)130:6(912)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_126_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2002GL015685"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_127_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JPO2873.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_128_1","article-title":"Empirical and dynamical detection of the sea bottom topography from synthetic aperture radar image","author":"Yuan Y.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Adapt. Data Anal."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_129_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soildyn.2005.03.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_130_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1785\/0120010285"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_131_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)0733\u20109399(2003)129:8(861)"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_132_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Observation of ocean current response to 1998 Hurricane Georges in the Gulf of Mexico","volume":"25","author":"Zheng Q.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Oceanol. Sin."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_133_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JC000733"}],"container-title":["Reviews of Geophysics"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1029%2F2007RG000228","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2007RG000228","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,13]],"date-time":"2023-10-13T03:36:13Z","timestamp":1697168173000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2007RG000228"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"references-count":132,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/2007RG000228"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2007rg000228","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["8755-1209","1944-9208"],"issn-type":[{"value":"8755-1209","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-9208","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,6]]},"article-number":"2007RG000228"}}