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Current dual\u2010frequency method of ionospheric correction ignores higher order ionospheric errors such as the second and third order ionospheric terms in the refractive index formula and errors due to bending of the signal. The total electron content (TEC) is assumed to be same at two GPS frequencies. All these assumptions lead to erroneous estimations and corrections of the ionospheric errors. In this paper a rigorous treatment of these problems is presented. Different approximation formulas have been proposed to correct errors due to excess path length in addition to the free space path length, TEC difference at two GNSS frequencies, and third\u2010order ionospheric term. The GPS dual\u2010frequency residual range errors can be corrected within millimeter level accuracy using the proposed correction formulas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2007rs003817","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,10,9]],"date-time":"2008-10-09T00:44:50Z","timestamp":1223513090000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Estimate of higher order ionospheric errors in GNSS positioning"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"M. 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