{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,18]],"date-time":"2026-02-18T02:37:09Z","timestamp":1771382229226,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"B3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,24]],"date-time":"2010-03-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1269388800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["J. Geophys. Res."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>We describe how GPS time series are influenced by higher\u2010order ionospheric effects over the last solar cycle (1995\u20132008) and examine implications for geophysical studies. Using 14 years of globally reprocessed solutions, we demonstrate the effect on the reference frame. Including second\u2010 and third\u2010order ionospheric terms causes up to 10 mm difference in the smoothed transformation to the International Terrestrial Reference Frame (ITRF) 2005, with the<jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>translation term dominant. Scale is also slightly affected, with a change of up to \u223c0.05 ppb. After transformation to ITRF2005, residual effects on vertical site velocities are as high as 0.34 mm yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>. We assess the effect of the magnetic field model on the second\u2010order term and find a time\u2010varying difference of 0\u20132 mm in the<jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>translation. We also assess the effect of omitting the third\u2010order term. We find that while the second\u2010order term is responsible for almost all the<jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>translation effects, it is the combination of the second\u2010 and third\u2010order terms that causes the effect on scale. Comparison of our GPS reprocessing with ITRF2005 suggests that GPS origin rates may vary with time period. For example, we find<jats:italic>Z<\/jats:italic>translation rates of \u22120.82 \u00b1 0.17 mm yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>for 1995\u20132008 and 0.17 \u00b1 0.24 mm yr<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>for 1995\u20132005. If GPS were to contribute to origin rate definition for future ITRFs, higher\u2010order ionospheric corrections would need to be applied due to their effect on translation parameters during solar maximum.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2009jb006677","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,23]],"date-time":"2010-03-23T20:00:43Z","timestamp":1269374443000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["Higher\u2010order ionospheric effects on the GPS reference frame and velocities"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"115","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Petrie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matt A.","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Moore","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Newcastle University Newcastle upon Tyne UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David A.","family":"Lavall\u00e9e","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Delft Institute of Earth Observation and Space Systems Delft University of Technology Delft Netherlands"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2010,3,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007JB004949"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03655319","article-title":"Higher\u2010order ionospheric effects on the global positioning system observables and means of modeling them","volume":"18","author":"Bassiri S.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Manuscr. Geod."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1065328"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005JB003629"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03655299","article-title":"An improved model for the dual frequency ionospheric correction of GPS observations","volume":"16","author":"Brunner F. K.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Manuscr. Geod."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04428"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","unstructured":"Datta\u2010Barua S. T.Walter J.Blanch andP.Enge(2006) Bounding higher order ionosphere errors for the dual frequency GPS user paper presented atION GNSS 19th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation Fort Worth Tex. 26 \u2013 29 Sept."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2005.05.125"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL024342"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02520897"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2005GL022729"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006JB004707"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","volume-title":"GAMIT Reference Manual: GPS Analysis at MIT, Release 10.3","author":"Herring T. 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