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In the model, we investigate the effect of the Earth\u2010ionosphere waveguide structure and medium parameters, including the effect of the ionospheric cold plasma characteristics, the effect of the Earth curvature, and the propagation effects over mountainous terrain. For the first time, the obtained results are validated against simultaneous experimental data consisting of lightning currents measured at the S\u00e4ntis Tower and electric fields measured in Neudorf, Austria, located at 380\u2010km distance from the tower. It is shown that both the time delays and amplitudes of the lightning electromagnetic fields at 380\u2010km distance can be strongly affected by the ionospheric electron density profile, the mountainous terrain, and the Earth curvature. After taking into account the effect of the irregular terrain between the S\u00e4ntis Tower and the field measurement station, the vertical electric fields calculated by using our model are found to be in good agreement with the corresponding measured cases occurred in both daytime and nighttime. The ideal approximation used in either the classical solutions or the simplified models might lead to inaccuracies in the estimated reflection height. Furthermore, we discuss the sensitivity of our results by considering different return stroke models, as well as different typical values of the return stroke speed and of the ground conductivity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2018jd030014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,11]],"date-time":"2019-12-11T19:55:00Z","timestamp":1576094100000},"page":"14198-14219","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The Propagation Effects of Lightning Electromagnetic Fields Over Mountainous Terrain in the Earth\u2010Ionosphere Waveguide"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"124","author":[{"given":"Dongshuai","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Andaluc\u00eda (IAA), CSIC  Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Luque","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Astrof\u00edsica de Andaluc\u00eda (IAA), CSIC  Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farhad","family":"Rachidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Electromagnetic Compatibility Laboratory Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL)  Lausanne Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcos","family":"Rubinstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland  Yverdon\u2010les\u2010Bains Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Azadifar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Applied Sciences Western Switzerland  Yverdon\u2010les\u2010Bains Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerhard","family":"Diendorfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OVE Service GmbH Department ALDIS (Austrian Lightning Detection and Information System)  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hannes","family":"Pichler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OVE Service GmbH Department ALDIS (Austrian Lightning Detection and Information System)  Vienna Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015JD023245"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jastp.2017.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"CIGRE International Colloquium on Lightning and Power Systems","author":"Azadifar M.","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2003GL018407"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2007GL030870"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","first-page":"1059","volume-title":"Annales Des T\u00e9l\u00e9communications","author":"B\u00e9renger J.\u2010P.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TEMC.2005.858747"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2007.07.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2014GL062392"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","volume-title":"The wave\u2010guide mode theory of wave propagation","author":"Budden K. 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