{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T18:25:07Z","timestamp":1792002307179,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,31]],"date-time":"2019-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1564531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":30,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["106924"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["106924"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["GeoHealth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    A growing literature has documented that rising concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere threaten to reduce the iron, zinc, and protein content of staple food crops including rice, wheat, barley, legumes, maize, and potatoes, potentially creating or worsening global nutritional deficiencies for over a billion people worldwide. A recent study extended these previous nutrient analyses to include B vitamins and showed that, in rice alone, the average loss of major B vitamins (thiamin, riboflavin, and folate) was shown to be 17\u201330% when grown under higher CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    . Here, we employ the EAR cut\u2010point method, using estimates of national\u2010level nutrient supplies and requirements, to estimate how B vitamin dietary adequacy may be affected by the CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    \u2010induced loss of nutrients from rice only. Furthermore, we use the global burden of disease comparative risk assessment framework to quantify one small portion of the health burden related to rising deficiency: a higher likelihood of neural tube defects for folate\u2010deficient mothers. We find that, as a result of this effect alone, risk of folate deficiency could rise by 1.5 percentage points (95% confidence interval: 0.6\u20132.6), corresponding to 132 million (57\u2013239 million) people. Risk of thiamin deficiency could rise by 0.7 points (0.3\u20131.1) or 67 million people (30\u2013110 million), and riboflavin deficiency by 0.4 points (0.2\u20130.6) or 40 million people (22\u201359 million). Because elevated CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    concentrations are likely to reduce B vitamins in other crops beyond rice, our findings likely represent an underestimate of the impact of anthropogenic CO\n                    <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                    emissions on sufficiency of B vitamin intake.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2019gh000188","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,20]],"date-time":"2019-06-20T08:33:11Z","timestamp":1561019591000},"page":"190-200","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Global Health Implications of Nutrient Changes in Rice Under High Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"3","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5207-2370","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. R.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5808-2454","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S. S.","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Environmental Health Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Harvard University Center for the Environment  Cambridge MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","volume-title":"Guidelines on food fortification with micronutrients","author":"Allen L. 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