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We present a high\u2010resolution nested chemical transport model (GEOS\u2010Chem) simulation for the Indian subcontinent and use it to interpret formaldehyde (HCHO) observations from two satellite sensors (OMI and GOME\u20102A) in terms of constraints on regional volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. We find modeled biogenic VOC emissions to be overestimated by ~30\u201360% for most locations and seasons, and derive a best estimate biogenic flux of 16 Tg C\/year subcontinent\u2010wide for year 2009. Terrestrial vegetation provides approximately half the total VOC flux in our base\u2010case inversions (full uncertainty range: 44\u201365%). This differs from prior understanding, in which biogenic emissions represent &gt;70% of the total. Our derived anthropogenic VOC emissions increase slightly (13\u201316% in the base case, for a subcontinent total of 15 Tg C\/year in 2009) over RETRO year 2000 values, with some larger regional discrepancies. The optimized anthropogenic emissions agree well with the more recent CEDS inventory, both subcontinent\u2010wide (within 2%) and regionally. An exception is the Indo\u2010Gangetic Plain, where we find an underestimate for both RETRO and CEDS. Anthropogenic emissions thus constitute 37\u201350% of the annual regional VOC source in our base\u2010case inversions and exceed biogenic emissions over the Indo\u2010Gangetic Plain, West India, and South India, and over the entire subcontinent during winter and post\u2010monsoon. Fires are a minor fraction (&lt;7%) of the total regional VOC source in the prior and optimized model. However, evidence suggests that VOC emissions in the fire inventory used here (GFEDv4) are too low over the Indian subcontinent.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2019jd031262","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,30]],"date-time":"2019-08-30T12:34:28Z","timestamp":1567168468000},"page":"10525-10545","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["Constraining Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds Over the Indian Subcontinent Using Space\u2010Based Formaldehyde Measurements"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"124","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8406-5834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sreelekha","family":"Chaliyakunnel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil, Water, and Climate University of Minnesota, Twin Cities  St. Paul MN USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3076-125X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dylan B.","family":"Millet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil, Water, and Climate University of Minnesota, Twin Cities  St. Paul MN USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0952-0008","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Soil, Water, and Climate University of Minnesota, Twin Cities  St. Paul MN USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-12-591-2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2008GL036843"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2008JD009863"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jgrd.50552"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014980619462"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2006GB002840"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"28","article-title":"GOME\u20102\u2010Metop's second\u2010generation sensor for operational ozone monitoring","volume":"102","author":"Callies J.","year":"2000","journal-title":"ESA Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-18-15017-2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"Census I.(2011).Census of India Office of Registrar General Census Operations edited."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000GL011857"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2015.12.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-9-3825-2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-19-9097-2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2017JD027719"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2010GL044245"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-8-4947-2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-15-12519-2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","unstructured":"De Smedt I. 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