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In this review we compile a database documenting OFG occurrences and analyze it to establish the general characteristics and controlling factors. We also assess methods used to map and characterize OFG, identify major knowledge gaps, and propose strategies to address them. OFG has a global volume of 1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup>\u00a0km<jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>; it predominantly occurs within 55\u00a0km of the coast and down to a water depth of 100\u00a0m. OFG is mainly hosted within siliciclastic aquifers on passive margins and recharged by meteoric water during Pleistocene sea level lowstands. Key factors influencing OFG distribution are topography\u2010driven flow, salinization via haline convection, permeability contrasts, and the continuity\/connectivity of permeable and confining strata. Geochemical and stable isotope measurements of pore waters from boreholes have provided insights into OFG emplacement mechanisms, while recent advances in seismic reflection profiling, electromagnetic surveying, and numerical models have improved our understanding of OFG geometry and controls. Key knowledge gaps, such as the extent and function of OFG, and the timing of their emplacement, can be addressed by the application of isotopic age tracers, joint inversion of electromagnetic and seismic reflection data, and development of three\u2010dimensional hydrological models. We show that such advances, combined with site\u2010specific modeling, are necessary to assess the potential use of OFG as an unconventional source of water and its role in sub\u2010seafloor geomicrobiology.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2020rg000706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,11,21]],"date-time":"2020-11-21T05:43:15Z","timestamp":1605937395000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":79,"title":["Offshore Freshened Groundwater in Continental Margins"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"59","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9330-0648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aaron","family":"Micallef","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, GEOMAR Kiel Germany"},{"name":"Marine Geology and Seafloor Surveying, Department of Geosciences University of Malta Msida 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