{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T20:55:53Z","timestamp":1788382553437,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]],"date-time":"2020-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1609113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010629","name":"Fulbright Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5511"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5511"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010629","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["GeoHealth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Lusaka, Zambia, is a rapidly growing city located on a vulnerable karstic dolomite aquifer that provides most of the city's drinking water. Over 65% of residents live in peri\u2010urban communities with inadequate sanitation leading to widespread groundwater contamination and the spread of waterborne diseases such as cholera. To fill the water service gap, Water Trusts were created: public\/private partnerships designed to provide clean water to peri\u2010urban community residents. Water Trusts extract groundwater via boreholes, treat it with chlorine, and distribute it to residents via public kiosks. We investigated the efficacy of drinking water provision to residents in six of Lusaka's peri\u2010urban communities with Water Trusts. Water samples were collected from Water Trust boreholes and kiosks, privately owned boreholes, and shallow wells during four sampling efforts. To assess potential risk to human health, water samples were analyzed for\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    (\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    ) and nitrate. Shallow wells were significantly more contaminated with\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    than Water Trust boreholes, kiosks, and private boreholes (Tukey\u2010adjusted\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    values of 9.9\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                    <jats:sup>\u22126<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Shallow wells and private boreholes had significantly higher nitrate\u2010N concentrations (mean of 29.6\u00a0mg\/L) than the Water Trust boreholes and kiosks (mean of 8.8\u00a0mg\/L) (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    value\u00a0=\u00a01.1\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010\n                    <jats:sup>\u22124<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). In 2016, a questionnaire was distributed to Water Trust managers to assess their ability to meet demands. In the six communities studied, Water Trusts served only about 60% of their residents. Water Trusts provide a much safer alternative to shallow wells with respect to nitrate and\n                    <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    <\/jats:styled-content>\n                    , but they struggle to keep pace with growing demand.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2020gh000283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,5]],"date-time":"2020-12-05T01:47:01Z","timestamp":1607132821000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Drinking Water Quality and Provision in Six Low\u2010Income, Peri\u2010Urban Communities of Lusaka, Zambia"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"5","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2304-4674","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristen M.","family":"Reaver","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Environment and Sustainability Miami University  Oxford OH USA"},{"name":"Now at U.S. Geological Survey Wetland and Aquatic Research Center  Gainesville FL USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2622-112X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Levy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for the Environment and Sustainability Miami University  Oxford OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Imasiku","family":"Nyambe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Zambia Integrated Water Resources Management Centre, Department of Geology, School of Mines University of Zambia  Lusaka Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7419-0009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. Cameron","family":"Hay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Miami University  Oxford OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Mutiti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences Georgia College and State University  Milledgeville GA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rodwell","family":"Chandipo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zambia Environmental Management Agency, Inspectorate  Lusaka Zambia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Meiman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cumberland Piedmont Inventory and Monitoring Network  Mammoth KY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","first-page":"231","volume-title":"Urban groundwater management and protection in Sub\u2010Saharan Africa","author":"Adelana S. 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