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In this context, it is important to recognize that almost any powered lunar landing will be an active volatile release experiment, due to the release of exhaust gases during descent. This presents both an opportunity to study the interaction of volatiles with the lunar surface and a need to predict how nonindigenous gases are dispersed, and how long they persist in the lunar environment. This work investigates these questions through numerical simulations of the transport of water vapor during a nominal lunar landing and for two lunar days afterward. Simulation results indicate that the water vapor component of spacecraft exhaust is globally redistributed, with a significant amount reaching permanently shadowed regions (cold traps) near the closest pole, where temperatures are sufficiently low that volatiles may remain stable over geological timescales. Exospheric evolution and surface deposition patterns are highly sensitive to desorption activation energy, providing a means to constrain this critical parameter through landed or orbital measurements during future missions. Contamination of cold traps by exhaust gases is likely to scale with exhaust mass and proximity of the landing site to the poles. Exhaust propagation is perhaps the most widespread and long\u2010lived impact of spacecraft operations on a nominally airless solar system body and should be a key consideration in mission planning and in interpreting measurements made by landed lunar missions, particularly at near\u2010polar regions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2020je006464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,11]],"date-time":"2020-08-11T22:57:35Z","timestamp":1597186655000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["The Evolution of a Spacecraft\u2010Generated Lunar Exosphere"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"125","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8369-8587","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Parvathy","family":"Prem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Laurel MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1052-1494","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dana M.","family":"Hurley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory Laurel MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David B.","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9796-0013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philip L.","family":"Varghese","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics University of Texas at Austin Austin TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JB073i010p03231"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/2015GL064120"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198561958.001.0001","volume-title":"Molecular gas dynamics and the direct simulation of gas flows","author":"Bird G.","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","unstructured":"Chang G. K.(1969).Lunar atmospheric contamination due to an Apollo landing NASA Technical Memorandum TM\u201069\u20102015\u20105."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"Cisneros E. Awumah A. Brown H. M. Martin A. C. Paris K. N. Povilaitis R. Z. Boyd A. K. &Robinson M. S.(2017).Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Camera permanently shadowed region imaging\u2014Atlas and controlled mosaics(p.48). Paper presented at Lunar and Planetary Science Conference."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2015.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.asr.2016.08.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2000JE001326"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL081821"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pss.2014.11.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","unstructured":"Hurley D. M. Benna M. Mahaffy P. R. Elphic R. C. Colaprete A. &Plescia J. B.(2014).Upper limits on the propagation of constituents of the Chang'e\u20103 exhaust plume from LADEE observations(p.45). Paper presented at Lunar and Planetary Science Conference."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.icarus.2014.08.043"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"International Space Exploration Coordination Group(2018).The Global Exploration Roadmap."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2018GL080008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","volume-title":"Surface science: Foundations of catalysis and nanoscience","author":"Kolasinski K. W.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","unstructured":"Lam R. Maghsoudi E. &Hoey W.(2019).Numerical study of lander engine plume impingement on the surface of Europa(NASA report JPL\u2010CL\u201019\u20102483 p.37). 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