{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T16:08:08Z","timestamp":1774022888477,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"19","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]],"date-time":"2022-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Geophysical Research Letters"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Charge influences the properties of liquid droplets, such as evaporation rates, hydrodynamic stability, and sticking probabilities. Modifying droplet charge therefore provides a possible method of influencing fogs or clouds. An instrumented, remotely piloted aircraft has been equipped with positive and negative corona emitters to cause droplet charging. With the aircraft circling at 20\u00a0m altitude, effects of ion release were compared in clear air and natural fog. In clear air, the surface atmospheric electrical field changed whenever the emitters were activated, but without significant differences in the short\u2010wave radiation as the aircraft passed over previously ionized air. In fog, radiation fluctuations showed a Gaussian distribution before either emitter operated or when both emitters were operating, but with different distributions during unipolar ion emission. Introducing unipolar ions led to a maximum change in fog reflectivity of \u223c2%, about 25\u00a0s later.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2022gl099827","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,4]],"date-time":"2022-09-04T03:48:40Z","timestamp":1662263320000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Ionic Charge Emission Into Fog From a Remotely Piloted Aircraft"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0693-347X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R. Giles","family":"Harrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Meteorology University of Reading  Berkshire UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5580-6325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Keri A.","family":"Nicoll","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Meteorology University of Reading  Berkshire UK"},{"name":"Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering University of Bath  Bath UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8466-6779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Graeme J.","family":"Marlton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Meteorology University of Reading  Berkshire UK"},{"name":"Now at MetOffice  Exeter UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3954-8885","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Douglas J.","family":"Tilley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Bath  Bath UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pejman","family":"Iravani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Bath  Bath UK"},{"name":"Now at Volant Autonomy  Bath UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/egusphere-egu21-13639"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2021.0714"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"275","article-title":"Charge distributions on aerosols","volume":"118","author":"Clement C. F.","year":"1991","journal-title":"Institute of Physics Conference Series"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/421128a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469(1954)011<0339:dcoadb>2.0.co;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/acp-21-69-2021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspa.2008.0009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1103\/physrevresearch.4.l022050"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5011177"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.4882318"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/qj.2554"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JTECH-D-20-0092.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0469"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/JAM2131.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1063\/1.3685252"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/1520-0450(1975)014<0364:tlcovf>2.0.co;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02786829808965531"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786448208628425"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","unstructured":"R Core Team.(2021).R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing Vienna Austria. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.R-project.org\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/amt-9-1721-2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","unstructured":"RS\u2010Online.(2004).VTB process photodiode datasheet. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/docs.rs-online.com\/ead3\/0900766b80052d0e.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspl.1878.0146"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/JZ067i003p01073"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-53199-5.00079-8"}],"container-title":["Geophysical Research Letters"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2022GL099827","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1029\/2022GL099827","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2022GL099827","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,20]],"date-time":"2024-01-20T18:21:12Z","timestamp":1705774872000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2022GL099827"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"19","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,16]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/2022GL099827"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2022gl099827","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0094-8276","1944-8007"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0094-8276","type":"print"},{"value":"1944-8007","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-02-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-08-30","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-10-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2022GL099827"}}