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Here, we present the first global picture of projected changes in compound lethal heat stress (<jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>h<\/jats:sub>)\u2010drought hazards (CHD) across 11,637 catchments. Our observational datasets show that atmospheric conditions (e.g., energy and vapor flux) play an important role in constraining the heat extremes, and that <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>h<\/jats:sub> (32%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a011%) yields a higher coincidence rate of global CHD than wet\u2010bulb temperature (28%\u00a0\u00b1\u00a011%), driven by lower relative humidity (RH) and thus air dryness in <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>h<\/jats:sub> extremes. Our large model ensemble projects a 10\u2010fold intensification of bivariate CHD risks by 2071\u20132100, mainly driven by increases in heat extremes. Future declines in RH, wind, snow, and precipitation in many regions are likely to exacerbate such water and weather\u2010related hazards (e.g., drought and CHD).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2022gl100880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,20]],"date-time":"2022-09-20T01:50:00Z","timestamp":1663638600000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":103,"title":["Global Increases in Lethal Compound Heat Stress: Hydrological Drought Hazards Under Climate Change"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"49","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2305-8729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiabo","family":"Yin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science Wuhan University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9416-488X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Louise","family":"Slater","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography and the Environment University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Gu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Civil and Hydraulic Engineering Huazhong University of Science and Technology  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhen","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science Wuhan University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8594-4988","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shenglian","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Science Wuhan University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0845-8345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pierre","family":"Gentine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering Columbia University  New York NY USA"},{"name":"Earth Institute Columbia University  New York NY USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/tac.1974.1100705"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaz4571"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(asce)he.1943-5584.0001489"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/bams-d-17-0138.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2166\/nh.1973.0012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aaw5531"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41558-022-01309-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsams.2007.07.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0907998106"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-earth-053018-060100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1722312115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aat2380"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","unstructured":"Chiew F. 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