{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T13:23:10Z","timestamp":1791811390930,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"American Geophysical Union (AGU)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005614","name":"Biogen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["43939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["43939"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005614","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000934","name":"Heinz Endowments","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E5489"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E5489"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000934","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["GeoHealth"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Hurricanes have caused major healthcare system disruptions. No systematic assessment of hurricane risk to United States hospital\u2010based healthcare delivery has been performed. Here, we show that 25 of 78 metropolitan statistical areas (MSAs) on the United States Atlantic and Gulf Coasts have half or more of their hospitals at risk of flooding from relatively weak hurricanes. 0.82\u00a0m of sea level rise expected within this century from climate change increases the odds of hospital flooding 22%. Furthermore, in 18 MSAs at least half of the roads within 1.6\u00a0km of hospitals were at risk of flooding from a category 2 storm. These findings identify previously undescribed risks to hospital\u2010based care delivery in Atlantic and Gulf Coast communities. They suggest that lower intensity hurricanes can have outsized impacts on healthcare access, particularly in places where per capita bed availability is low.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2022gh000651","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T12:49:57Z","timestamp":1664455797000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Flood Risk to Hospitals on the United States Atlantic and Gulf Coasts From Hurricanes and Sea Level Rise"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"6","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7691-179X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. T.","family":"Tarabochia\u2010Gast","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Climate, Health and the Global Environment Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Department of Family Medicine Boston University School of Medicine  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"D. R.","family":"Michanowicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Climate, Health and the Global Environment Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Physicians, Scientists, and Engineers for Healthy Energy  Oakland CA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1703-1041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"A. S.","family":"Bernstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Climate, Health and the Global Environment Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health  Boston MA USA"},{"name":"Boston Children's Hospital  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annemergmed.2013.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep37522"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.15111"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_5_1","unstructured":"Blake E. S. Jarrell J. D. Rappaport E. N. &Landsea C. W.(2005).The deadliest costliest and most intense United States hurricanes from 1851 to 2004 (and other frequently requested hurricane facts)(NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS TPC\u20104). Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.nhc.noaa.gov\/pdf\/NWS-TPC-4.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP2154"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1175\/BAMS-89-3-347"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_8_1","unstructured":"Esri. (2012).North American Streets v. 10.1. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.arcgis.com\/home\/item.html?id=f38b87cc295541fb88513d1ed7cec9fd"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_9_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The role of the SLOSH model in National Weather Service storm surge forecasting","author":"Glahn B.","year":"2009","journal-title":"National Weather Digest"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_10_1","unstructured":"Guenther R. &Balbus J. M.(2014).Primary protection: Enhancing health care resilience for a changing climate. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/toolkit.climate.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/SCRHCFIBestPracticesReportfinal22014Web.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hayhoe K. Wuebbles D. J. Easterling D. R. Fahey D. W. Doherty S. Kossin J. P. et\u00a0al. (2018).Chapter 2: Our changing climate. Impacts risks and adaptation in the United States: The Fourth National Climate Assessment volume II.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7930\/NCA4.2018.CH2","DOI":"10.7930\/NCA4.2018.CH2"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/DMP.2021.146"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41612-020-0121-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2014.07.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13278"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_1_16_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Hospital emergency preparedness and response during Superstorm Sandy","volume":"31","author":"Levinson D. R.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Healthcare Protection Management: Publication of the International Association for Hospital Security"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate2777"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crm.2014.02.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11755-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_20_1","unstructured":"MATLAB. (2019).MATLAB (version 9.6)[Software].The Mathworks Inc. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.mathworks.com\/products\/matlab.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2150132718813494"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Michanowicz D. Tarabochia\u2010Gast A. &Bernstein A.(2022).Hospital and road inundation risk data[Dataset].https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7910\/DVN\/TYOHSF","DOI":"10.7910\/DVN\/TYOHSF"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_23_1","unstructured":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2009).Sea level variation of the United States 1854\u20132006(Technical Report NOS CO\u2010OPS 053). Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov\/publications\/Tech_rpt_53.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_24_1","unstructured":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (2013).National coastal population report population trends from 1970 to 2020. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/aambpublicoceanservice.blob.core.windows.net\/oceanserviceprod\/facts\/coastal-population-report.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_25_1","unstructured":"National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. (n.d.).Historical hurricane data. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/coast.noaa.gov\/hurricanes\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.7657"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_27_1","unstructured":"Oak Ridge National Laboratory Geographic Information Science and Technology Group. (2016).Homeland infrastructure foundation\u2010level data (HIFLD) database[Dataset]. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/gii.dhs.gov\/HIFLD"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/dmp.2018.128"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_29_1","unstructured":"RStudio Team. (2020).RStudio: Integrated development environment for R(Version 1.3) [Dataset]. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/rstudio.com"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40572-018-0223-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nclimate1597"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2016.1277816"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_33_1","first-page":"333","volume-title":"Climate Science Special Report: Fourth National Climate Assessment, Volume I","author":"Sweet W. V.","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_34_1","unstructured":"Sweet W. V. Kopp R. E. Weaver C. P. Obeysekera J. Horton R. M. Thieler E. R. &Zervas C.(2017).Global and regional sea level rise scenarios for the United States."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_35_1","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau. (2018).Metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas population totals and components of change: 2010\u20132019. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.census.gov\/data\/datasets\/time-series\/demo\/popest\/2010s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_1_36_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Homeland Security. (2019).Homeland infrastructure foundation\u2010level data (HIFLD). Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/hifld-geoplatform.opendata.arcgis.com\/datasets\/hospitals"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_2_1","unstructured":"City of New York. (n.d.).Sandy inundation zone. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/data.cityofnewyork.us\/Environment\/Sandy-Inundation-Zone\/uyj8-7rv5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_3_1","unstructured":"NYC Special Initiative for Rebuilding and Recovery. (2013).A stronger more resilient New York. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www1.nyc.gov\/site\/sirr\/report\/report.page"}],"container-title":["GeoHealth"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2022GH000651","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1029\/2022GH000651","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1029\/2022GH000651","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,19]],"date-time":"2023-08-19T11:59:15Z","timestamp":1692446355000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1029\/2022GH000651"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1029\/2022GH000651"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2022gh000651","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["2471-1403","2471-1403"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2471-1403","type":"print"},{"value":"2471-1403","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-05-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-05","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-09-29","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e2022GH000651"}}