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In particular, relationships between individual birth outcomes and exposure to air contaminants from coal mining activities has received little attention. Central Appalachia (portions of Virginia, West Virginia, Kentucky, and Tennessee, USA), our study area, has a history of resource extraction, and epidemiologic research notes that the region experiences a greater level of adverse health outcomes compared to the rest of the country that are not fully explained by socioeconomic and behavioral factors. The purpose of this study is to examine associations between surface mining and birth outcomes at four spatial scales: individual, Census tract, county, and across county\u2010sized grid cells. Notably, this study is among the first to examine these associations at the individual scale, providing a more direct measure of exposure and outcome. Airsheds were constructed for surface mines using an atmospheric trajectory model. We then implemented linear (birthweight) and logistic (preterm birth [PTB]) regression models to examine associations between airsheds and birth outcomes, which were geocoded to home address for individual analyses and then aggregated for areal unit analyses, while controlling for a number of demographic variables. This study found that surface mining airsheds are significantly associated with PTB and decreased birthweight at all four spatial scales, suggesting that surface coal mining activities impact birth outcomes via airborne contaminants.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2022gh000696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,9]],"date-time":"2022-10-09T03:38:48Z","timestamp":1665286728000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Associations Between Surface Mining Airsheds and Birth Outcomes in Central Appalachia at Multiple Spatial Scales"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"6","author":[{"given":"Molly X.","family":"McKnight","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg VA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5247-5759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Korine N.","family":"Kolivras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg VA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lauren G.","family":"Buttling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg VA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6984-2893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia M.","family":"Gohlke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Population Health Sciences Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg VA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3628-6891","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linsey C.","family":"Marr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg VA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Pingel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Geography Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg VA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shyam","family":"Ranganathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University  Blacksburg VA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"Foundations of linear and generalized linear models","year":"2015","author":"Agresti A.","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-009-0555-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envres.2011.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000437385.88715.4a"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","unstructured":"Appalachian Regional Commission. 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