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By sampling wastewater and applying WBE methods, wastewater\u2010detectable pathogens such as viruses can be cheaply and effectively monitored, tracking people who might be missed or under\u2010represented in traditional disease surveillance. There is a gap in current knowledge in combining hydraulic modeling with WBE. Recent literature has also identified a gap in combining machine learning with WBE for the detection of viral outbreaks. In this study, we loosely coupled a physically\u2010based hydraulic model of pathogen introduction and transport with a machine learning model to track and trace the source of a pathogen within a sewer network and to evaluate its usefulness under various conditions. The methodology developed was applied to a hypothetical sewer network for the rapid detection of disease hotspots of the disease caused by the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 virus. Results showed that the machine learning model's ability to recognize hotspots is promising, but requires a high time\u2010resolution of monitoring data and is highly sensitive to the sewer system's physical layout and properties such as flow velocity, the pathogen sampling procedure, and the model's boundary conditions. The methodology proposed and developed in this paper opens new possibilities for WBE, suggesting a rapid back\u2010tracing of human\u2010excreted biomarkers based on only sampling at the outlet or other key points, but would require high\u2010frequency, contaminant\u2010specific sensor systems that are not available currently.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1029\/2023gh000866","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]],"date-time":"2023-10-04T16:16:39Z","timestamp":1696436199000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Machine Learning for Detecting Virus Infection Hotspots Via Wastewater\u2010Based Epidemiology: The Case of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 RNA"],"prefix":"10.1029","volume":"7","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-3670-5440","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Calvin","family":"Zehnder","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering Department IHE Delft Institute for Water Education  Delft The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frederic","family":"B\u00e9en","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KWR Water Research Institute  Nieuwegein The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zoran","family":"Vojinovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering Department IHE Delft Institute for Water Education  Delft The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre for Water Systems College of Engineering Mathematics and Physical Sciences University of Exeter  Exeter UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering University of Belgrade  Belgrade Serbia"},{"name":"National Cheng Kung University  Tainan Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9567-9041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dragan","family":"Savic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"KWR Water Research Institute  Nieuwegein The Netherlands"},{"name":"Centre for Water Systems College of Engineering Mathematics and Physical Sciences University of Exeter  Exeter UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Civil Engineering University of Belgrade  Belgrade Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arlex Sanchez","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering Department IHE Delft Institute for Water Education  Delft The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7218-3606","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ole","family":"Mark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kr\u00fcger Veolia  S\u00f8borg Denmark"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ljiljana","family":"Zlatanovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanitary Engineering Delft University of Technology  Delft The Netherlands"},{"name":"PWN  Velserbroek The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6416-6443","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yared Abayneh","family":"Abebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering Department IHE Delft Institute for Water Education  Delft The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Hydraulic Engineering Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences Delft University of Technology  Delft The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.149834"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138764"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhydrol.2019.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1573062X.2016.1176220"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1029\/2020WR029551"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5194\/dwes-10-1-2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1061\/(ASCE)WR.1943-5452.0000002"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2018.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"GGDRotterdam\u2010Rijnmond ErasmusMC &KWR. 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